32bW
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作 者:王家胜 潘坚
网络编辑:中国航天工程咨询中心_赵丽荣
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2002年是航天新材料、新工艺、新技术发展及应用非常重要的一年。航天新材料的研究成果不断涌现:研制出了纳米颗粒炸药、碳纳米管高硬度材料、铝氧纳米管材料和新型密封材料、电子绝缘聚合物材料、新型“热塑料”材料以及原子级硅记忆材料和铝-硅合金等,并首次发现了纳米孔隙网材料等。航天新材料工艺也取得了重大突破:采用温轧法、粉末冶金法、非晶复合技术工艺、急速凝固法、树脂膜浸渍法和等温化学气相浸渗法制造出了高强度合金材料、梯度功能材料以及抗损伤复合材料编制机等。与此同时,新材料在航天应用上也有重大进展:形状记忆合金、量子隧道效应复合材料等高性能材料得到了广泛应用;火箭尾喷管应用纳米复合涂层、火箭发动机涡轮泵应用陶瓷基复合材料叶盘;采用复合材料排布机编制燃料箱;采用红外材料制成手提式定向反射仪以及用氮化物基材料制造出电子器件等。
一、新材料进展
在2002年成果最突出的当属纳米材料与聚合物材料领域。在纳米材料领域,纳米颗粒炸药的问世将有助于航天技术的发展,而利用碳纳米管制造出的高硬度材料可与碳化硅纤维、碳化钽等超硬材料相媲美,质量轻,适合制造飞行器的微型器件等。在聚合物材料领域,一种新型聚合物材料可增强未来火箭及卫星系统的结构件性能,还可使航天器天线在充气时获得所需形状,实现先进的通信及监视能力;先进电子绝缘聚合物材料可承受新一代航天系统运行中的超高处理速度及超高温度,可应用于天基雷达、卫星通信、高分辨率成像设备、高速计算机以及微型电子设备;一种新型“热塑料”材料可用来建造天基雷达天线。在信息材料、金属合金材料和复合材料领域,原子级的硅记忆材料可使未来计算机微型化,且存储信息的功能更为强大;一种高强度的铝-硅合金适合发动机的耐高温零部件,可使传统铝合金铸件强度提高到3到4倍;利用玻璃纤维与细铜丝制成的一种可用做天线和电子元器件材料的新型复合材料,可用于开发新颖的天线、滤波器以及其他电磁器件。这些新成果的出现促进了航天工业的快速发展,也为航天工业的进展奠定了坚实的基础。
2002年新材料研究成果如表中所示。
二、新工艺进展
在2002年新材料工艺取得了如下几项重大突破:
1、日本采用温轧法制造出形状记忆合金
2002年8月,日本物质材料研究机构的菊地等研究人员采用温轧法制造出形状记忆合金。此合金结构件不仅可应用于航天工业的风洞工程,而且用其制成的精密螺钉可应用在卫星及飞机的零部件上。
这种工艺是在合金形成记忆效应的时效处理前进行轧制,从而省去了改善性能的热处理工艺。它采用添加Nb和C的FeMnSi形状记忆合金进行温轧,让其形状记忆效应获得较大改善。
2、新加坡采用粉末冶金法制取Ti-TiB2 梯度功能材料
2002年3月,新加坡南洋理工大学材料工程学院的科研人员研究利用粉末冶金法制取Ti-TiB2系梯度功能材料取得进展。这种梯度功能材料已被应用于航空航天工业的结构件。
这种新工艺的原材料金属粉末采用了纯度为99.7%的纯钛粉(平均粒径为10微米)、纯度为 99.7%的纯二硼化钛陶瓷粉(平均粒径为3微米)以及纯度为99.5%的碳化硅粉末作为烧结助剂用来提高二硼化钛的致密化程度。所设计的5层梯度功能材料,通过裂纹偏转机理有效地实现可韧化效果。所制成的梯度功能材料的断裂韧性比整体 TiB2陶瓷提高了50%。
3、日本采用非晶复合技术工艺制取金属箔材
2002年5月,日本非晶态金属公司采用非晶复合技术工艺制取金属箔材。这种金属箔材可制造移动体天线、回转体、屏蔽材料、传感器等电子器件。
该工艺采用了特殊树脂。将这种树脂涂覆于非晶态金属箔表面后,即可将若干张非晶态金箔叠合复合成一体,可以制作成厚度从几毫米~20毫米以上的大块复合体,通常非晶金属箔的厚度仅有 20微米左右。
4、英国采用急速凝固法制取高强度镁合金材料
2002 年7月,英国科学家采用急速凝固法开发出具有极高强度和延展性的镁合金,可为航空航天工业提供优质材料。这种新型的镁合金材料具有100至200纳米的微细结构,其成分由97%的镁、2%的钇和 1%的锌组成。这种新型镁合金的强度大约是超级铝合金的3倍,是目前世界上强度最高的镁合金。此外它还具有超塑性、高耐热性和高耐腐蚀性。
三、材料应用进展
2002年新材料应用也出现了重大进展:形状记忆合金和量子隧道效应复合材料等高性能材料的应用成为法国范堡罗航展的一大热点;美国在火箭尾喷管上应用2纳米厚的复合涂层进行耐火耐热实验,在火箭发动机涡轮泵上应用陶瓷基复合材料整体叶盘并采用复合材料排布机编制燃料箱,美国空军研究实验室还用红外材料制成手提式定向反射仪以及用氮化物基材料制造电子器件等。
1、形状记忆合金和量子隧道效应复合材料等广泛应用于航天器部件
2002年8月,高性能材料的应用成为法国范堡罗航展的一大亮点,其中比较突出的材料有形状记忆合金和量子隧道效应复合材料。
(1)形状记忆合金
欧洲空间局研制出一种被称作形状记忆合金的奇异材料。这些材料可以像橡皮筋一样拉伸,但是能够记住初始形状,拉伸之后一旦加热到一定温度就会恢复原来的形状。
这种形状记忆合金可以应用于航天器上的轻型温度控制调节器以及航天器发射后的太阳能电池板展开。
(2)量子隧道效应复合材料
量子隧道效应复合材料是一种传导性复合材料,其导电率随外界压力而变化,导电率与施加压力成正比。量子隧道效应复合材料可加工成片状和不同尺寸的粒状,最小颗粒直径可达15微米。当没有外界作用力时,量子隧道复合材料是极好的绝缘体,但如果对其进行挤压、拉伸或扭曲,就会变成类似于金属的导体,并且在外力撤消后,又会返回绝缘状态。由于量子隧道效应,量子隧道效应复合材料的敏感度非常高,电阻变化范围超过1万亿欧姆。量子隧道效应复合材料在本次航展上的应用是航天器的开关和调节器。
2、火箭尾喷管用纳米复合涂层
2002年3月,美国弗吉尼亚综合技术学院及州立大学与美国空军材料实验室研究出一种耐火耐热的纳米复合涂层。此涂层是一种不足2纳米厚的无机聚合物薄膜(称作POSS薄膜)。
美国空军正在用该涂层来对火箭尾喷管进行防护试验。除了提供高温保护外,薄膜的重量也比其它涂层轻。研究人员通过调整不同的有机成分后来控制POSS与飞机各种胶接剂的相容性。研究人员还发现有机组分会影响工艺方法以及最后性能,如光学涂层的透明性以及微电子涂层的导电性等。
3、火箭发动机用陶瓷复合材料涡轮叶盘
2002年8 月,美国NASA对“捷径”(Fastrac)火箭发动机涡轮泵采用的陶瓷基复合材料整体式叶盘进行了测试。叶盘选用碳纤维增强的碳化硅材料。该材料采用等温化学气相浸渗法制造而成,纤维的体积含量为40%,松孔体积含量为15%。C/SiC的拉伸强度为434兆帕,拉伸模量为83吉帕。涡轮泵的试验表明,整体式叶盘提高了抗损伤能力和阻尼能力并减轻了重量。
4、用复合材料排布机"编织"燃料箱
2002年4月,作为下一代航天器用轻型燃料箱制造计划的一部分,NASA的米休德验收了一台由英格索铣床公司制造的自动纤维排布机(AFPM)。该机是用来制造外形复杂的环氧预浸复合材料,从而制成经济而实用的燃料箱。目前要将1公斤有效载荷送入轨道的成本是2.2~3.3万美元,而使用轻型复合材料燃料箱可以使该成本显著降低。
5、采用红外材料制成手提式定向反射仪
2002年5月,美国空军研究实验室材料与制造部无损检验分部与美国波音公司等单位合作开发出一种手持式定向反射仪(HHDR)。该反射仪可以对现代武器系统所用的涂层进行准确的红外反射测量。测量数据可以保证工程人员和维护人员对武器进行正确的喷涂、修理和恢复,提高涂层的效能,以保护空军的武器系统免遭基于红外的探测和跟踪系统的威胁。
6、采用氮化物基材料制造电子器件
2002年7月,美国空军实验室的传感器部、工业界以及院校用氮化物基材料制造出电子元器件。这种氮化物基的固态器件在10吉帕下的输出功率为40瓦,是传统电子器件的2.5倍,输出功率密度为9.8瓦/毫米,是传统电子器件的10倍。这种电子器件比传统的硅或砷化镓器件具有更高的抗极端温度及辐射环境性能。此外,氮化物基器件还具有可承受高电压(一般大于200伏)及高电流密度(大于1安培/毫米)的特殊性能。由于航天器需要在恶劣环境下工作,并且要求密度小、体积小的电子器件,因此具有独特的材料特性和功率特性的氮化物基器件可以用来改善微波放大器技术。这些传感器可应用飞行器、空基雷达、通信线路以及电子对抗等。
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2010年9月8日 星期三
炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉www.tool-tool.com
34wS2
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
徐 康 薛群基
(中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所固体润滑开放实验室 兰州730000)
摘 要: 综合介绍了用炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的制备方法,性质和结构特点,以及一些可能的应用途径.着重指出,这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的一种金刚石新品种.
关键词:金刚石 炸药爆炸 纳米材料 应用
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一,引 言
提到合成金刚石,人们首先会想到已有多年历史的石墨高压相变合成金刚石的方法(包
括静压法和用冲击波的动态加压法),以及近年来发展很快的化学气相沉积(CVD)法.近十几年来又出现了第三种合成金刚石的方法,即是用炸药爆炸制备金刚石粉的方法.1988年,美国和前苏联几乎同时报道了这一方法[ 1, 2 ],但是,据前苏联的科技人员称,他们在80年代初就已发现了这种产物.十几年来,这个方法发展不快,用这种方法合成的金刚石粉虽然具有一系列特殊的性质,但至今尚未找到大规模的应用,因而尚未投入工业规模的生产.我们认为,用这种方法合成的金刚石粉是一个新品种,由于这方面的研究工作还不够多,因而, 人们对它的认识还很不够.但是,这是一种值得注意的具有很大发展潜力的新材料.本文将简单介绍这种金刚石粉的发展历史和现状,以求引起更多科技人员的注意,促使有关研究和开发工作的发展.
二,制备方法和生成机理
1.制备方法
这种金刚石粉的制备方法与传统的石墨相变法不同,它是以负氧平衡的含碳炸药(如三
硝基甲苯,TN T)为原料,在爆轰时由于炸药分子中的氧不足以将全部碳氧化成为CO或
CO2,因此爆轰区内存在有游离碳,在爆轰区高压和高温的作用下,这种游离碳可以部分地转化为金刚石[ 3 ].实验表明只用TN T虽然可以生成游离碳,由于TN T的爆轰压力不高,因而还不能生成金刚石.用TN T与RDX(黑索金,H exogen, 1, 3, 52t rim ethy lene22, 4, 62t rin it ram ine)的混合物就可以生成金刚石.实验结果表明,TN T含量在50%~70%时,金刚石的产率较高[ 4 ].爆炸必须在密闭的容器中进行,容器中要充填惰性介质以保护生成的金刚石不被氧化.爆炸后,可以收集到黑色固体产物,其主要组成除金刚石粉外,还含有石墨和无定形碳.用强氧化性的酸处理,即可将非金刚石碳除去,得到灰色粉末.其X射线衍射谱(XRD)上只有可归属于金刚石(111),(002)和 (310)晶面的衍射峰,表明这种产品是金刚石,纯度在95%以上.文献报道的金刚石最高收率为8%~10%(以炸药用量为基础).透射电镜的结果表明, 这种金刚石粉的基本颗粒为5~15nm的圆球形微粒,但是绝大部分团聚成为亚微米或微米级的颗粒.元素分析的结果为:碳~85% ,氢~1% ,氮~2% ,氧~10%.这表明它是含有相当大量含氧官能团的类金刚石.红外光谱的结果也证实了这一点[ 5 ].
作为惰性介质,开始时是采用一些气体.实验结果表明,用CO2的结果优于其它几种气
体,而采用惰性气体(如氦,氩)时,几乎不生成金刚石.由此可以认识到,所用的惰性介质,除起到保护生成的金刚石不被氧化的作用外,还起到冷却爆炸产物的作用,因而其比热越大越好,可以使爆炸产物迅速冷却,使其中的金刚石粉不会发生石墨化[ 6 ].从这种看法出发,人们开始使用液体物质作为惰性介质.一些文章和专利中开始报道用水作为惰性介质的实验结果.不久前,俄罗斯发表了在水流中进行爆炸的方法[ 7, 8 ].我们开发了水下连续爆炸的方法,不但取得了较好的金刚石收率,而且大大简化了操作工艺[ 9 ].
如上所述,在合成金刚石的过程中,TN T之类的负氧平衡炸药是碳的供给源.按化学反
应式计算,当使用TN T2RDX50%250%混合炸药时,游离碳的生成量最多为14% ,也就是
说,即使全部游离碳都转化为金刚石(这实际上是不可能的),其收率也只能是炸药用量的14%.为了探索提高金刚石收率的可能性,人们试探了向炸药中添加有机物的方法[ 10, 11 ].曾试探过多种有机物,其中有一些可以使含金刚石黑粉的收率有所提高,因而金刚石收率也略有增加,但并不明显.有人认为,添加有机物后爆轰产物中游离碳的含量增加还有保护金刚石的作用[ 12 ].金刚石收率提高不明显的原因是,添加惰性有机物后,炸药的爆轰压力下降,这对金刚石的生成是不利的.
人们还试探了用不同炸药合成金刚石,例如用爆轰压力更高的HM X(奥克托金,O cto2
gen, 1, 3, 5, 72tet ram ethy lene22, 4, 6, 82tet ran it ram ine)代替RDX,但是金刚石收率并没有明显提高[ 13 ].其原因是,只要压力达到必要的水平,就可以使炸药中多余的碳全部解离成游离碳,再提高压力并不能进一步增加金刚石的收率.当使用爆轰产物温度更高的无氧炸药(如B T F,benzo t rifu ro2xane)时,产物中金刚石的颗粒尺寸有显著增加,其原因是,当爆轰产物温度更高时,部分游离碳会熔化生成碳的液滴,然后晶化生成颗粒尺寸较大的金刚石粉末[ 14, 15 ].还有人试过用爆炸性能与TN T相似而分子中没有C—C键的炸药CH3—N(NO2)—CH2—N(NO2)—CH3代替TN T作为原料,这时金刚石的收率明显下降[ 16 ],其原因是由于在使用一般炸药时,爆轰产物的游离碳中含有C2,C3或更大的碳团簇,它们更容易转化为金刚石,而没有C—C键的炸药就不能生成这类团簇,因而使金刚石收率下降.
据报道,这种金刚石在俄罗斯已有千克级的生产,并已进行过100kg以上的实验[ 17 ],但是还没有实现大规模的工业生产.主要原因是由于这种金刚石尚未找到工业规模的应用.
2.金刚石的生成机理
已经用示踪原子的方法证实,当用TN T2RDX混合炸药为原料时,TN T是碳源,即TN T分子中的碳生成的游离碳才能转化为金刚石,而RDX只起着产生高压的作用,其分子中的碳对金刚石的生成没有贡献[ 18, 19 ].对于金刚石的生成机理,一般认为:在足够高的压力和温度下,有机炸药分子可以完全解离成为碳原子或原子团,它们在高压下就可以相互结合成金刚石晶粒. 由于爆轰产物的高压持续时间很短(只有若干微秒),再加上物质在高压下扩散受到阻碍,因而金刚石晶粒无法长成大的完整晶粒.由于这种金刚石颗粒是由碳原子生成的,因而它们倾向于生成圆球形颗粒以保持较低的表面能.据估算,在这种条件下, 5nm左右颗粒的表面能量最低,因此也最稳定[ 20, 21 ].但是,这种纳米尺寸的颗粒很容易团聚在一起形成微米级的颗粒,而且由于金刚石微粒是随机地相互碰撞而粘结在一起,因而所生成的颗粒具有分形结构 (fracta lst ructu re),形成疏松而多孔的颗粒[ 22 ].
三,性 质
1.颗粒状态
这种金刚石是浅灰色的粉末.其透射电镜和小角度X射线散射谱都表明,它们是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的疏松而具有分形结构的亚微米或微米聚集体[ 23 ].图1为这种金刚石的透射电镜照片.这种金刚石的比表面积一般为300~400m2 g,最大可达450m2 g.它们的喇曼光谱和红外光谱也都表明这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的.它们在水中形成的悬浮体很快沉降,用一般方法,例如加表面活性剂,超声波处理等,都无法将之转变为纳米颗粒的分散体系[ 24 ].这表明,这种纳米尺寸的微粒形成了由化学键相互结合的硬团聚颗粒.
目前,尚未完全弄清这种团聚的性质,初步认为是在颗粒之间形成了氧桥键.对这种团聚体的解团聚工作尚未取得明显进展.这是为了更好地开发这种纳米金刚石的应用途径所必须解决的关键问题之一.
2.结构研究
用XRD法的研究结果表明,这种产物与石墨高压相变合成的金刚石不同,它只包含立方金刚石而不包含六方金刚石,这表明这种金刚石不是由石墨通过高压相变生成[25 ].由XRD谱得到的晶面间距(d值)和晶胞参数(a0)都略低于天然金刚石,这是由于这种金刚石晶格中氮杂质的含量较高[ 26 ].
这种金刚石的红外光谱表明,它们包含有相当多的含氧官能团,主要有:羟基,羰基,羧
基,醚基,酯基,以及一些含氮的基团.经过不同条件的处理,这些基团会发生变化,因而其表面性质也会发生很大的变化[ 27, 28 ].用喇曼光谱和顺磁共振谱,以及光致发光等方法的研究结果表明,这种金刚石中含有大量缺陷,包括空穴,位错,表面悬挂键,以及各种杂质造成的缺陷[ 29 ].但是,对这种金刚石的结构研究工作还不多,还有许多问题须要进一步弄清,例如用核磁共振和红外光谱法对其中的sp2和sp3杂化的研究,用各种光谱方法对其缺陷结构及其应力状态的研究等,在天然金刚石和CVD金刚石方面都已进行了大量研究,而对这种金刚石的研究还很少.
图1 炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的透射电镜照片
近来发表了几篇用高分辨电镜对爆炸生成的含金刚石黑粉进行研究的文章[ 30,31 ].从照片上可以看到有多层的弯曲晶面结构,他们认为这是由于生成了具有多层的封闭同心球壳结构的富勒烯化合物.我们也进行了这方面的研究[ 32 ],对于这种弯曲的晶面结构,我们用电子衍射法证实它们是石墨的(002)晶面,在透射电镜照片上可以看到石墨的柳叶状颗粒,因而使其晶面也发生了弯曲. 用化学分析法也证实,这种含金刚石黑粉中不包含富勒烯化合物.
3.其他性质
这种金刚石的化学性质也具有一些特点.由于其比表面积很大,因而其氧化反应活性要
比一般金刚石高,在空气中加热至600℃就可以使其完全氧化.在不同条件下制备的和用不同方法纯化的金刚石粉的化学稳定性有很大差异[ 33 ].这表明,由于条件不同这种产品的结构和表面性质也有很大差异.一般认为金刚石是很稳定的物质,特别是在高压下很稳定.近年来已有一些文章报道了富勒烯 (C60)在静高压或冲击波的作用下可以转化为金刚石.但是,有两篇文章[ 34, 35 ]报道了很可能是由这种纳米尺寸的金刚石粉在特殊条件下转化为富勒烯的结果.这些初步结果尚待进一步证实.
金刚石是具有特殊光,热,电,磁性质的物质,而且化学稳定性高,因此受到材料科学方
面的重视.近年来,对CVD金刚石膜这些方面的性能进行了大量研究,已发现在电子工业
和机械工业中的许多应用.而对于用炸药爆炸法制备的金刚石的性能研究还很少.这种金刚石由于其颗粒的分形结构,其压实密度比较低,这将影响它的电磁性能, 不利于它在电子工业中的应用.文献[ 36 ]报道了这种金刚石粉与金属氧化物形成的体系,证实金刚石与金属氧化物之间发生了化学反应,改变了金刚石的表面结构,提高了其压实密度.经过这种处理后, 金刚石的电性质发生了很大的变化.这个初步结果也是值得重视的.
四,应用情况炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉是合成金刚石的一个新品种,与传统的金刚石有较大的差别,因此应该找寻这种金刚石的特殊应用途径.由于它的晶粒尺寸很小,因此由它来制备大颗粒的金刚石是不适宜的.又由于这种金刚石的发展历史还不长,对其性质的研究很不充分,因此其应用开发工作也还很不够.俄罗斯的工作比较多,我们也作了一些研究,主要有以下几个方面.1.含金刚石的复合涂层的制备和应用在CVD金刚石膜的表面涂层方面已有大量研究,用这种金刚石粉制备复合表面涂层的研究也比较多.将这种金刚石粉制成涂层的主要方法是电化学涂层法.将金刚石粉添加到电镀液中,通过电镀即可制成含金刚石粉的复合电镀层,其硬度和耐磨性能均有比较明显的提高.这方面已有一些专利[ 37~39 ].我们用电镀或电刷镀的方法制成了含金刚石粉的复合电镀镍层,与不含金刚石粉的普通镀镍层相比,其硬度增加一倍以上,耐磨性能的提高更为明显[ 40, 41 ].据悉,俄罗斯已制成涂有含金刚石粉复合镀层的工具(如锉刀,锯条等),并已投入小批量生产.存在的主要问题是,与一般的电镀层相同,这种含金刚石粉的复合电镀层与基材的附着力不够强,因而作为切削工具,应力集中部位上的镀层容易脱落,使其效能几乎完全丧失.这是带有这种复合涂层的工具尚未能大批量投入应用的主要原因.近年来,人们对CVD金刚石涂层进行了大量研究,发现也存在这个缺点,但是如果用于那些应力不很集中的地方,还是很有优越性的,例如将 CVD金刚石涂层用于磁盘的保护层,可以制成纳米厚度耐磨性能极好的磁盘保护层,有利于提高磁盘的性能.用炸药爆炸法制成的金刚石涂层也能达到相似的结果,而用电镀法(特别是电刷镀法)可以比较容易地在大尺寸部件上制成涂层,这是CVD法较难做到的.因此,我们认为这方面的应用是很有发展前途的.
2.含金刚石复合材料的制备
在复合材料中添加超硬材料的粉末是提高复合材料性能的重要途径,对于添加金刚石
粉的复合材料已经进行过大量研究,但是使用纳米尺寸金刚石粉制备复合材料的研究还很少.近年来出现了一些将CVD金刚石膜粉碎,制成纳米金刚石粉用于制备耐磨复合材料的专利[ 42, 43 ].用炸药爆炸法制成的金刚石粉制备复合材料的研究刚刚开始.有人发表了用这种金刚石粉与铝粉烧结并压制成型,制成了摩擦系数很小的复合材料,认为这里金刚石微球在摩擦过程中实现了纳米微球的滚动摩擦[ 44 ].这种看法是否可信,尚待讨论,但是这个方向是值得重视的.
3.作为润滑材料的添加物
俄罗斯人最早研究发现,添加爆炸法制成的金刚石粉的润滑油的润滑性能和磨合性能
都有明显提高;他们已进行了在发动机上的实际应用试验,取得了良好效果[ 45~47 ].我国也进行了一些研究[ 48 ],发现在添加这种金刚石粉后润滑油的摩擦系数有所下降,但不很明显,而经过一定时间的摩擦后,与基础油相比,磨耗量大大减小;还发现,这种润滑油的静, 动摩擦系数的差别明显缩小,这对需要经常启动的发动机是很重要的.但是,添加固体粉末的润滑油,特别是添加像金刚石这样比重较大的固体粉末时,很难解决固体粉末长期不发生沉降的502 第2期徐 康等 炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
问题.已有专利报道[ 49 ],可达到6个月不发生沉降分层,但这还不一定能满足实际应用的要求.我们认为添加金刚石粉的润滑油在短时间内尚难得到实际应用,而将其添加到润滑脂或固体润滑材料中则更有希望得到实际应用.
4.在研磨材料中的应用
这种金刚石粉最现实的应用是作研磨材料.已有一些文章和专利[ 50~52 ]报道了用这种金刚石粉制成的研磨液或研磨块,均取得了良好的效果,达到了很高的光洁度,包括制成了要求极高的X射线反射镜.还有人用这种金刚石粉与碳质材料制成了复合材料,可用作高精度的研磨材料[ 53 ].哈尔滨工业大学用这种金刚石粉配制的磁性流体,用于研磨陶瓷滚珠球,达到了表面粗糙度只有01013Lm的极高光洁度[ 54 ].这方面工作的应用前景十分广阔,相信不久的将来即可在生产中得到实际应用.
5.其他应用
这种金刚石粉是一种新的金刚石品种,需要大力寻找新的非传统应用途径.近年来已进
行了一些研究,例如,有人将之用作催化剂载体[ 55 ],或用作色谱的固定液载体,但是还没有取得重要进展.还有人将之用于制作电子成像感光材料,明显改善了复印机的性能[ 56 ].在CVD金刚石膜的应用方面进行了许多新的试探,例如,用作压阻材料,半透膜材料等.这些应用对这种金刚石粉都有可借鉴的地方,但还未进行研究.有人报道[ 57 ]用超细金刚石粉作为生物抗体的载体,由于这种金刚石粉具有很好的表面惰性,不含重金属杂质,因此不会使生物抗体发生结构和性能上的变化,不会影响其功能的发挥,因而取得了良好的效果,有可能在医疗工作中得到实际应用,这是一个很值得重视的苗头.这种金刚石粉的应用潜力很大,应该在更广的范围内进行试探.
五,结 语
用炸药爆炸法制备的金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的圆球形颗粒组成的材料,具有一系列特
殊的结构和性能,是金刚石材料的新品种.由于这种金刚石的发展历史还不长,并且制备这种金刚石需要有爆炸等特殊条件,因此这方面的研究工作还不多,对其结构和性能的了解还不够详尽,对其应用途径的研究和探索也还不多.从已有的工作结果来看,这种金刚石的应用前景相当广阔,是一个很值得重视的研究和开发领域.我国近年来在这方面已经进行了不少工作,目前已达到的水平与国际先进水平的差距不大,完全有可能做出世界领先水平的研究成果,使这种金刚石粉在某些方面首先在我国得到生产上的实际应用.
这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的,但是它们之间发生相当严重的团聚而形成
微米级的聚集体,这是影响其应用的一个重要问题.因此,这种金刚石粉的解团聚是当前必须解决的一个问题.但是,很可能发生了硬团聚,纳米颗粒之间生成了氧桥键,只有用一些化学方法才能实现解团聚.很多人认为,解决已形成硬团聚体的解团聚问题是相当困难的,应努力使其在制备过程中不发生硬团聚.但是,对于用爆炸法制备的金刚石来说是困难的,因为炸药爆炸时压力和温度都很高,过程很快,很难控制.总之,这种金刚石粉的发展前景是广阔的,但是为了使它得到实际应用,要解决的问题还很多.今后,希望这方面的研究能得到更多的支持,有更多的科技人员参加到这个领域中来,共同开发这个很有希望的领域.
602 化 学 进 展第9卷
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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702 第2期徐 康等 炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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802 化 学 进 展第9卷
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved
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徐 康 薛群基
(中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所固体润滑开放实验室 兰州730000)
摘 要: 综合介绍了用炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的制备方法,性质和结构特点,以及一些可能的应用途径.着重指出,这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的一种金刚石新品种.
关键词:金刚石 炸药爆炸 纳米材料 应用
Nanom eter-SizedD iam ondPowdersSyn thesized byExplosiveD etonation X uK ang X ueQ unj i(So lidL ub rica t ionR esea rchL abo ra to ry,L anzhouIn st itu teofChem ica lPhy sics,Ch ineseA cadem yofSciences,L anzhou730000,Ch ina)Abstract T hep rep a ra t ion,p rop ert ies,st ructu resandpo ssib leapp lica t ion sofnanom eter2sizedd iam ondpow derssyn thesizedbyexp lo sivedetona t ionw erereview ed.It is empha sizedtha tth isisanewa sso rtm en tofsyn thet icd iam ond,w h ichpo ssessesaseriesof
sp ecia lp rop ert iesandst ructu res.
Keywords d iam ond s;exp lo sivedetona t ion;nanom a teria ls;app lica t ion s
一,引 言
提到合成金刚石,人们首先会想到已有多年历史的石墨高压相变合成金刚石的方法(包
括静压法和用冲击波的动态加压法),以及近年来发展很快的化学气相沉积(CVD)法.近十几年来又出现了第三种合成金刚石的方法,即是用炸药爆炸制备金刚石粉的方法.1988年,美国和前苏联几乎同时报道了这一方法[ 1, 2 ],但是,据前苏联的科技人员称,他们在80年代初就已发现了这种产物.十几年来,这个方法发展不快,用这种方法合成的金刚石粉虽然具有一系列特殊的性质,但至今尚未找到大规模的应用,因而尚未投入工业规模的生产.我们认为,用这种方法合成的金刚石粉是一个新品种,由于这方面的研究工作还不够多,因而, 人们对它的认识还很不够.但是,这是一种值得注意的具有很大发展潜力的新材料.本文将简单介绍这种金刚石粉的发展历史和现状,以求引起更多科技人员的注意,促使有关研究和开发工作的发展.
二,制备方法和生成机理
1.制备方法
这种金刚石粉的制备方法与传统的石墨相变法不同,它是以负氧平衡的含碳炸药(如三
硝基甲苯,TN T)为原料,在爆轰时由于炸药分子中的氧不足以将全部碳氧化成为CO或
CO2,因此爆轰区内存在有游离碳,在爆轰区高压和高温的作用下,这种游离碳可以部分地转化为金刚石[ 3 ].实验表明只用TN T虽然可以生成游离碳,由于TN T的爆轰压力不高,因而还不能生成金刚石.用TN T与RDX(黑索金,H exogen, 1, 3, 52t rim ethy lene22, 4, 62t rin it ram ine)的混合物就可以生成金刚石.实验结果表明,TN T含量在50%~70%时,金刚石的产率较高[ 4 ].爆炸必须在密闭的容器中进行,容器中要充填惰性介质以保护生成的金刚石不被氧化.爆炸后,可以收集到黑色固体产物,其主要组成除金刚石粉外,还含有石墨和无定形碳.用强氧化性的酸处理,即可将非金刚石碳除去,得到灰色粉末.其X射线衍射谱(XRD)上只有可归属于金刚石(111),(002)和 (310)晶面的衍射峰,表明这种产品是金刚石,纯度在95%以上.文献报道的金刚石最高收率为8%~10%(以炸药用量为基础).透射电镜的结果表明, 这种金刚石粉的基本颗粒为5~15nm的圆球形微粒,但是绝大部分团聚成为亚微米或微米级的颗粒.元素分析的结果为:碳~85% ,氢~1% ,氮~2% ,氧~10%.这表明它是含有相当大量含氧官能团的类金刚石.红外光谱的结果也证实了这一点[ 5 ].
作为惰性介质,开始时是采用一些气体.实验结果表明,用CO2的结果优于其它几种气
体,而采用惰性气体(如氦,氩)时,几乎不生成金刚石.由此可以认识到,所用的惰性介质,除起到保护生成的金刚石不被氧化的作用外,还起到冷却爆炸产物的作用,因而其比热越大越好,可以使爆炸产物迅速冷却,使其中的金刚石粉不会发生石墨化[ 6 ].从这种看法出发,人们开始使用液体物质作为惰性介质.一些文章和专利中开始报道用水作为惰性介质的实验结果.不久前,俄罗斯发表了在水流中进行爆炸的方法[ 7, 8 ].我们开发了水下连续爆炸的方法,不但取得了较好的金刚石收率,而且大大简化了操作工艺[ 9 ].
如上所述,在合成金刚石的过程中,TN T之类的负氧平衡炸药是碳的供给源.按化学反
应式计算,当使用TN T2RDX50%250%混合炸药时,游离碳的生成量最多为14% ,也就是
说,即使全部游离碳都转化为金刚石(这实际上是不可能的),其收率也只能是炸药用量的14%.为了探索提高金刚石收率的可能性,人们试探了向炸药中添加有机物的方法[ 10, 11 ].曾试探过多种有机物,其中有一些可以使含金刚石黑粉的收率有所提高,因而金刚石收率也略有增加,但并不明显.有人认为,添加有机物后爆轰产物中游离碳的含量增加还有保护金刚石的作用[ 12 ].金刚石收率提高不明显的原因是,添加惰性有机物后,炸药的爆轰压力下降,这对金刚石的生成是不利的.
人们还试探了用不同炸药合成金刚石,例如用爆轰压力更高的HM X(奥克托金,O cto2
gen, 1, 3, 5, 72tet ram ethy lene22, 4, 6, 82tet ran it ram ine)代替RDX,但是金刚石收率并没有明显提高[ 13 ].其原因是,只要压力达到必要的水平,就可以使炸药中多余的碳全部解离成游离碳,再提高压力并不能进一步增加金刚石的收率.当使用爆轰产物温度更高的无氧炸药(如B T F,benzo t rifu ro2xane)时,产物中金刚石的颗粒尺寸有显著增加,其原因是,当爆轰产物温度更高时,部分游离碳会熔化生成碳的液滴,然后晶化生成颗粒尺寸较大的金刚石粉末[ 14, 15 ].还有人试过用爆炸性能与TN T相似而分子中没有C—C键的炸药CH3—N(NO2)—CH2—N(NO2)—CH3代替TN T作为原料,这时金刚石的收率明显下降[ 16 ],其原因是由于在使用一般炸药时,爆轰产物的游离碳中含有C2,C3或更大的碳团簇,它们更容易转化为金刚石,而没有C—C键的炸药就不能生成这类团簇,因而使金刚石收率下降.
据报道,这种金刚石在俄罗斯已有千克级的生产,并已进行过100kg以上的实验[ 17 ],但是还没有实现大规模的工业生产.主要原因是由于这种金刚石尚未找到工业规模的应用.
2.金刚石的生成机理
已经用示踪原子的方法证实,当用TN T2RDX混合炸药为原料时,TN T是碳源,即TN T分子中的碳生成的游离碳才能转化为金刚石,而RDX只起着产生高压的作用,其分子中的碳对金刚石的生成没有贡献[ 18, 19 ].对于金刚石的生成机理,一般认为:在足够高的压力和温度下,有机炸药分子可以完全解离成为碳原子或原子团,它们在高压下就可以相互结合成金刚石晶粒. 由于爆轰产物的高压持续时间很短(只有若干微秒),再加上物质在高压下扩散受到阻碍,因而金刚石晶粒无法长成大的完整晶粒.由于这种金刚石颗粒是由碳原子生成的,因而它们倾向于生成圆球形颗粒以保持较低的表面能.据估算,在这种条件下, 5nm左右颗粒的表面能量最低,因此也最稳定[ 20, 21 ].但是,这种纳米尺寸的颗粒很容易团聚在一起形成微米级的颗粒,而且由于金刚石微粒是随机地相互碰撞而粘结在一起,因而所生成的颗粒具有分形结构 (fracta lst ructu re),形成疏松而多孔的颗粒[ 22 ].
三,性 质
1.颗粒状态
这种金刚石是浅灰色的粉末.其透射电镜和小角度X射线散射谱都表明,它们是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的疏松而具有分形结构的亚微米或微米聚集体[ 23 ].图1为这种金刚石的透射电镜照片.这种金刚石的比表面积一般为300~400m2 g,最大可达450m2 g.它们的喇曼光谱和红外光谱也都表明这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的.它们在水中形成的悬浮体很快沉降,用一般方法,例如加表面活性剂,超声波处理等,都无法将之转变为纳米颗粒的分散体系[ 24 ].这表明,这种纳米尺寸的微粒形成了由化学键相互结合的硬团聚颗粒.
目前,尚未完全弄清这种团聚的性质,初步认为是在颗粒之间形成了氧桥键.对这种团聚体的解团聚工作尚未取得明显进展.这是为了更好地开发这种纳米金刚石的应用途径所必须解决的关键问题之一.
2.结构研究
用XRD法的研究结果表明,这种产物与石墨高压相变合成的金刚石不同,它只包含立方金刚石而不包含六方金刚石,这表明这种金刚石不是由石墨通过高压相变生成[25 ].由XRD谱得到的晶面间距(d值)和晶胞参数(a0)都略低于天然金刚石,这是由于这种金刚石晶格中氮杂质的含量较高[ 26 ].
这种金刚石的红外光谱表明,它们包含有相当多的含氧官能团,主要有:羟基,羰基,羧
基,醚基,酯基,以及一些含氮的基团.经过不同条件的处理,这些基团会发生变化,因而其表面性质也会发生很大的变化[ 27, 28 ].用喇曼光谱和顺磁共振谱,以及光致发光等方法的研究结果表明,这种金刚石中含有大量缺陷,包括空穴,位错,表面悬挂键,以及各种杂质造成的缺陷[ 29 ].但是,对这种金刚石的结构研究工作还不多,还有许多问题须要进一步弄清,例如用核磁共振和红外光谱法对其中的sp2和sp3杂化的研究,用各种光谱方法对其缺陷结构及其应力状态的研究等,在天然金刚石和CVD金刚石方面都已进行了大量研究,而对这种金刚石的研究还很少.
图1 炸药爆炸法合成的金刚石粉的透射电镜照片
近来发表了几篇用高分辨电镜对爆炸生成的含金刚石黑粉进行研究的文章[ 30,31 ].从照片上可以看到有多层的弯曲晶面结构,他们认为这是由于生成了具有多层的封闭同心球壳结构的富勒烯化合物.我们也进行了这方面的研究[ 32 ],对于这种弯曲的晶面结构,我们用电子衍射法证实它们是石墨的(002)晶面,在透射电镜照片上可以看到石墨的柳叶状颗粒,因而使其晶面也发生了弯曲. 用化学分析法也证实,这种含金刚石黑粉中不包含富勒烯化合物.
3.其他性质
这种金刚石的化学性质也具有一些特点.由于其比表面积很大,因而其氧化反应活性要
比一般金刚石高,在空气中加热至600℃就可以使其完全氧化.在不同条件下制备的和用不同方法纯化的金刚石粉的化学稳定性有很大差异[ 33 ].这表明,由于条件不同这种产品的结构和表面性质也有很大差异.一般认为金刚石是很稳定的物质,特别是在高压下很稳定.近年来已有一些文章报道了富勒烯 (C60)在静高压或冲击波的作用下可以转化为金刚石.但是,有两篇文章[ 34, 35 ]报道了很可能是由这种纳米尺寸的金刚石粉在特殊条件下转化为富勒烯的结果.这些初步结果尚待进一步证实.
金刚石是具有特殊光,热,电,磁性质的物质,而且化学稳定性高,因此受到材料科学方
面的重视.近年来,对CVD金刚石膜这些方面的性能进行了大量研究,已发现在电子工业
和机械工业中的许多应用.而对于用炸药爆炸法制备的金刚石的性能研究还很少.这种金刚石由于其颗粒的分形结构,其压实密度比较低,这将影响它的电磁性能, 不利于它在电子工业中的应用.文献[ 36 ]报道了这种金刚石粉与金属氧化物形成的体系,证实金刚石与金属氧化物之间发生了化学反应,改变了金刚石的表面结构,提高了其压实密度.经过这种处理后, 金刚石的电性质发生了很大的变化.这个初步结果也是值得重视的.
四,应用情况炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉是合成金刚石的一个新品种,与传统的金刚石有较大的差别,因此应该找寻这种金刚石的特殊应用途径.由于它的晶粒尺寸很小,因此由它来制备大颗粒的金刚石是不适宜的.又由于这种金刚石的发展历史还不长,对其性质的研究很不充分,因此其应用开发工作也还很不够.俄罗斯的工作比较多,我们也作了一些研究,主要有以下几个方面.1.含金刚石的复合涂层的制备和应用在CVD金刚石膜的表面涂层方面已有大量研究,用这种金刚石粉制备复合表面涂层的研究也比较多.将这种金刚石粉制成涂层的主要方法是电化学涂层法.将金刚石粉添加到电镀液中,通过电镀即可制成含金刚石粉的复合电镀层,其硬度和耐磨性能均有比较明显的提高.这方面已有一些专利[ 37~39 ].我们用电镀或电刷镀的方法制成了含金刚石粉的复合电镀镍层,与不含金刚石粉的普通镀镍层相比,其硬度增加一倍以上,耐磨性能的提高更为明显[ 40, 41 ].据悉,俄罗斯已制成涂有含金刚石粉复合镀层的工具(如锉刀,锯条等),并已投入小批量生产.存在的主要问题是,与一般的电镀层相同,这种含金刚石粉的复合电镀层与基材的附着力不够强,因而作为切削工具,应力集中部位上的镀层容易脱落,使其效能几乎完全丧失.这是带有这种复合涂层的工具尚未能大批量投入应用的主要原因.近年来,人们对CVD金刚石涂层进行了大量研究,发现也存在这个缺点,但是如果用于那些应力不很集中的地方,还是很有优越性的,例如将 CVD金刚石涂层用于磁盘的保护层,可以制成纳米厚度耐磨性能极好的磁盘保护层,有利于提高磁盘的性能.用炸药爆炸法制成的金刚石涂层也能达到相似的结果,而用电镀法(特别是电刷镀法)可以比较容易地在大尺寸部件上制成涂层,这是CVD法较难做到的.因此,我们认为这方面的应用是很有发展前途的.
2.含金刚石复合材料的制备
在复合材料中添加超硬材料的粉末是提高复合材料性能的重要途径,对于添加金刚石
粉的复合材料已经进行过大量研究,但是使用纳米尺寸金刚石粉制备复合材料的研究还很少.近年来出现了一些将CVD金刚石膜粉碎,制成纳米金刚石粉用于制备耐磨复合材料的专利[ 42, 43 ].用炸药爆炸法制成的金刚石粉制备复合材料的研究刚刚开始.有人发表了用这种金刚石粉与铝粉烧结并压制成型,制成了摩擦系数很小的复合材料,认为这里金刚石微球在摩擦过程中实现了纳米微球的滚动摩擦[ 44 ].这种看法是否可信,尚待讨论,但是这个方向是值得重视的.
3.作为润滑材料的添加物
俄罗斯人最早研究发现,添加爆炸法制成的金刚石粉的润滑油的润滑性能和磨合性能
都有明显提高;他们已进行了在发动机上的实际应用试验,取得了良好效果[ 45~47 ].我国也进行了一些研究[ 48 ],发现在添加这种金刚石粉后润滑油的摩擦系数有所下降,但不很明显,而经过一定时间的摩擦后,与基础油相比,磨耗量大大减小;还发现,这种润滑油的静, 动摩擦系数的差别明显缩小,这对需要经常启动的发动机是很重要的.但是,添加固体粉末的润滑油,特别是添加像金刚石这样比重较大的固体粉末时,很难解决固体粉末长期不发生沉降的502 第2期徐 康等 炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
问题.已有专利报道[ 49 ],可达到6个月不发生沉降分层,但这还不一定能满足实际应用的要求.我们认为添加金刚石粉的润滑油在短时间内尚难得到实际应用,而将其添加到润滑脂或固体润滑材料中则更有希望得到实际应用.
4.在研磨材料中的应用
这种金刚石粉最现实的应用是作研磨材料.已有一些文章和专利[ 50~52 ]报道了用这种金刚石粉制成的研磨液或研磨块,均取得了良好的效果,达到了很高的光洁度,包括制成了要求极高的X射线反射镜.还有人用这种金刚石粉与碳质材料制成了复合材料,可用作高精度的研磨材料[ 53 ].哈尔滨工业大学用这种金刚石粉配制的磁性流体,用于研磨陶瓷滚珠球,达到了表面粗糙度只有01013Lm的极高光洁度[ 54 ].这方面工作的应用前景十分广阔,相信不久的将来即可在生产中得到实际应用.
5.其他应用
这种金刚石粉是一种新的金刚石品种,需要大力寻找新的非传统应用途径.近年来已进
行了一些研究,例如,有人将之用作催化剂载体[ 55 ],或用作色谱的固定液载体,但是还没有取得重要进展.还有人将之用于制作电子成像感光材料,明显改善了复印机的性能[ 56 ].在CVD金刚石膜的应用方面进行了许多新的试探,例如,用作压阻材料,半透膜材料等.这些应用对这种金刚石粉都有可借鉴的地方,但还未进行研究.有人报道[ 57 ]用超细金刚石粉作为生物抗体的载体,由于这种金刚石粉具有很好的表面惰性,不含重金属杂质,因此不会使生物抗体发生结构和性能上的变化,不会影响其功能的发挥,因而取得了良好的效果,有可能在医疗工作中得到实际应用,这是一个很值得重视的苗头.这种金刚石粉的应用潜力很大,应该在更广的范围内进行试探.
五,结 语
用炸药爆炸法制备的金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的圆球形颗粒组成的材料,具有一系列特
殊的结构和性能,是金刚石材料的新品种.由于这种金刚石的发展历史还不长,并且制备这种金刚石需要有爆炸等特殊条件,因此这方面的研究工作还不多,对其结构和性能的了解还不够详尽,对其应用途径的研究和探索也还不多.从已有的工作结果来看,这种金刚石的应用前景相当广阔,是一个很值得重视的研究和开发领域.我国近年来在这方面已经进行了不少工作,目前已达到的水平与国际先进水平的差距不大,完全有可能做出世界领先水平的研究成果,使这种金刚石粉在某些方面首先在我国得到生产上的实际应用.
这种金刚石粉是由纳米尺寸的颗粒组成的,但是它们之间发生相当严重的团聚而形成
微米级的聚集体,这是影响其应用的一个重要问题.因此,这种金刚石粉的解团聚是当前必须解决的一个问题.但是,很可能发生了硬团聚,纳米颗粒之间生成了氧桥键,只有用一些化学方法才能实现解团聚.很多人认为,解决已形成硬团聚体的解团聚问题是相当困难的,应努力使其在制备过程中不发生硬团聚.但是,对于用爆炸法制备的金刚石来说是困难的,因为炸药爆炸时压力和温度都很高,过程很快,很难控制.总之,这种金刚石粉的发展前景是广阔的,但是为了使它得到实际应用,要解决的问题还很多.今后,希望这方面的研究能得到更多的支持,有更多的科技人员参加到这个领域中来,共同开发这个很有希望的领域.
602 化 学 进 展第9卷
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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702 第2期徐 康等 炸药爆炸法合成的纳米金刚石粉
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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802 化 学 进 展第9卷
1995-2005 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved
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整理/劉祥麟
德國的科學家發現用適當強度的質子照射在純度極高的石墨後,原本不具磁性的石墨將變成類似鐵磁性的物質而帶有磁性。
碳具有相當多形式的同素異形體,例如鑽石、碳六十、碳奈米管以及石墨等。這些物質共同的特色是都不帶有磁性。物質中的電子都可以視為一個小磁鐵,只是平時每個磁鐵所指的方向都不一樣而抵銷了整體磁性。而鐵磁性物質則是物質內的電子受到內部作用力的影響而全部指向同一個方向,而產生出磁性。
德國萊比錫大學的P. Esquinazi利用2.25 MeV的質子照射純度極高的石墨,發現質子會類似"卡"在石墨中而改變了石墨的結構。這些質子照射過的石墨,便開始帶有磁性並能對外加磁場進行反應。關閉外加磁場後,石墨依然帶有磁性,展現出典型鐵磁性物質的性質。
P. Esquinazi表示這種在室溫下帶有磁性的石墨將可以用在自旋電子元件中,也可以應用在製作磁性記憶體上。如果照射在碳奈米管上,將可能製造出尺寸最小的磁鐵,應用在生物醫學上。
原始論文:
P. Esquinazi, D. Spemann, R. Hohne, A. Setzer, K.-H. Han, and T. Butz, Induced magnetic ordering by proton irradiation in graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 227201 (2003).
編輯:John C. H. Chen, r89222002@ntu.edu.tw
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
clip_image001[1]
一個樁腳,能影響所有的選民嗎?
在選舉的時候,一個人所支持的立場可能會隨著情勢而改變。因此在下一個時間其立場改變的機率,將可能是上個時間自己與週遭選民立場的函數。如果在這些人中間有一位立場堅定的 "樁腳" 存在,他可以影響週遭選民的立場,而旁人卻難以影響他,那將會如何影響整體的選情?在2003年7月份出版的Physical Review Letters 期刊上,來自 EPFL in Lausanne 與 Boston University 的科學家 Mauro Mobilia 由自旋交互作用模型的解析計算中給出了一個有趣的現象,或許可以給我們一些啟發。
在數學上有一種問題叫做 "投票者模型 (voter model)",研究在物件狀態改變的機率,是由自己與週遭物件狀態所決定下,整體行為如何的演化。這種模型能表達一些非平衡態的多體隨機過程。在一般的研究中,每個物件與週遭交互作用的條件都設定成一樣,而這樣的系統行為已經被研究得很徹底了。然而現實世界中,並不是每個參與的物件都有相同影響力,對於這樣條件下的系統行為我們所知甚少。
在這項研究中,Mauro Mobilia 設定了這樣的物理模型:所有的物件都是自旋粒子,自旋的指向就代表該物件的狀態,而整個系統擁有無限多個自旋。每個自旋的翻轉速率會受到週遭自旋指向的影響,但是中間有一個自旋,對特定方向的翻轉速率比較高(也就是該文中的 zealot,在此翻譯成樁腳)。而在原點的自旋在不同維度的分佈下,一個自旋所能擁有的鄰近自旋數也會不同:一維鏈狀的排列,會有兩個鄰近自旋﹔二維方格網狀排列,可以有四個﹔而三維立體格狀排列,則會多達六個。
將交互作用加以整理,對空間中任一位置的自旋,可以得到一個對時間的微分方程式。這些微分方程式是存在解析解。他發現一些現象:在一維或二維的系統中,最後所有粒子的自旋指向將與樁腳一起朝著同樣方向,而一維系統中自旋的趨近變化(~1/ t1/2)又比二維的狀況下(~1 / ln t)要來得快上許多。至於在三維以上的系統,並不是所有的自旋最後都會與一起樁腳指向同一方向。
因此在這項研究的自旋模型中,在一些分布狀態下(維度在 1 或 2 時)樁腳的存在可以藉由影響週邊的自旋而帶動所有自旋的狀態趨於相同:但是在更密集的分布狀況中,樁腳也只能掌握部分自旋的指向。對照於人類的世界,或許這個結果也暗示我們:在愈密集複雜的社會中,樁腳愈是難以固票!
原始論文:
Mauro Mobilia, Does a single zealot affect an infinite group of voters?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 028701 (2003).
編輯:Keelungman, d91222007@ntu.edu.tw
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
clip_image002
偵測塑膠炸藥的新裝置
利用微機電系統製造的新型塑膠炸藥感應器。自從美國911事件之後,世界各國在航空安全上,無不投入特別的資源來加強,期望能夠偵查出潛伏的危機,達到早期預警及時防範的目的。特別是在對於塑膠爆炸物的偵測,更是一切安全措施的重點。在2003年8月份出版的Applied Physics Letters 期刊期刊中,田納西大學與Oak Ridge國家實驗室的Thomas Thundat與其研究小組的科學家們,發表了利用微機電系統所製造而成的塑膠炸藥感應裝置。
在目前的塑膠炸藥裡,最具危險性的要算是 PETN(pentaerythritol tetranitrate)與RDX(hexahydro-1, 3, 5-triazine)。因為這兩者不僅可以作成各種形狀,而且在引爆前極為穩定、但微量的爆炸卻足以造成相當程度的傷害。有鑑於此,Thundat等人的微機電偵測裝置,就是針對這兩種爆炸物所設計的。他們所製造的元件,核心部份是一個以矽所製成、一端黏結於彈簧接線、180 × 25 mm的平板(與游泳池邊的跳水跳板類似)。這個平板的一面上鍍有金,這一面的其中一端則鍍有一層會與PETN及RDX反應的物質4-MBA(4- mercaptobenzoic acid)。 如果受測的環境中有PETN或RDX的分子,平板將會因4-MBA與這些分子結合而產生彎曲。透過計算平板彎曲的程度,就可以達到偵測微量塑膠炸藥的目的。
Thundat等人將他們所製成的裝置封裝在一個真空玻璃中,然後通入一小段含有微量塑膠炸藥的空氣。他們利用改裝的原子力顯微鏡,來測量平板彎曲的程度。經過20秒的偵測及反應時間,實驗的結果顯示,他們的元件的靈敏度可以達到14×10-12。換算成重量的話,則是可以測到僅有數femtogram(10-15 g ) 的炸藥量。
相較於現今體積龐大的塑膠炸藥偵測裝置,Thundat等人的研究結果極有希望可以應用在製造攜帶方便、高靈敏度的偵測器。為了達成這個目標,他們下一步的實驗,就是要測試他們的元件在實際環境中,是否仍然有效。希望在不久的將來,我們可以看見這項研究結果的實現,為社會、世界的安全維護來把關。
原始論文:
L. A. Pinnaduwage, V. Boiadjiev, J. E. Hawk, and T. Thundat, Sensitive detection of plastic explosives with self-assembled monolayer-coated microcantilevers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1471 (2003).
編輯:Agape, jeng-bang.yau@yale.edu
轉載自 http://www.sciscape.org
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雷射﹕一個原子夠不夠
加州理工學院的物理學家,利用低溫將單一銫原子局限在共振腔中,製造出具有與傳統雷射不同性質的單原子雷射。
所謂的雷射(LASER),其實是Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation的縮寫。顧名思義,就是經過放大、增幅的受激發輻射。由起初在雷射共振腔中所產生的光子,與其中的媒介物質(視雷射種類不同,可為氣體或固體),經過連鎖反應般的能量交換,最後發出同調(光子間彼此相對的相位固定) 的光。在一般傳統的雷射裡,光子與媒介物質的原子數極多,與所處的環境可視為是一個巨觀體系,所以它們彼此之間的量子效應通常可以忽略不計。在2003年 9月份出版的自然雜誌期刊裡,加州理工學院的物理學家H. J. Kimble與其研究小組,則利用與傳統截然不同的方式,將單獨的銫原子局限在共振腔中,製造出名副其實的單原子雷射。
Kimble等人的做法,是先將一個銫原子冷卻與局限在一個很小(42.2 mm)的光學共振腔中,然後用一外加雷射來激發這個銫原子。被激發的銫原子,則經過了能量的衰減而釋放出一個光子。由於銫原子與其環境、也就是共振腔的強烈耦合(交互作用),所釋放出的光子幾乎始終落在共振腔的某一個傳導態(mode),而不像傳統雷射裡光子總是在自由空間(free space)傳播的狀態。這時,再用另外一束雷射將銫原子激發至另一個受激態,之後會釋放出另一個光子,能量衰減回到基態。如此,就完成了這整個單原子雷射放光的過程,並且可以一再地重複。
這個單原子雷射所釋放出的光子,與傳統雷射最主要不同的地方,在於其具有antibunching的特性。也就是說,所產生的光子之間,彼此沒有太大的交互作用,意味著光源較為單純,沒有雜訊。此外,單原子雷射也沒有發光閾值(lasing threshold) 的限制,代表著其使用極小的電流(功率),就可以發出雷射光。當然,由於只有一個原子” 負責” 產生雷射,這樣的裝置僅有每秒鐘100000個光子的光通量,並且只能持續0.1秒的時間。儘管如此,Kimble仍然認為他們的實驗結果,是向雷射原理極限挑戰的寶貴成果。
原始論文:
J. Mckeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, J. R. Buck, and H. J. Kimble, Experimental realization of a one-atom laser in the regime of strong coupling, Nature 425, 268 (2003).
編輯:Agape, jeng-bang.yau@yale.edu
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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超新星還是不爆炸
德國的科學家以現有的超新星的理論做模擬計算,他們發現在目前現有的理論架構下,超新星並不會爆炸。
根據我們在天文學課上學到的知識,大恆星最後終究會演化成超新星,然後爆炸而死亡。然而事實上,科學家們並不很明確地知道為什麼超新星會爆炸,他們只有一個粗略的圖像而已。根據最早的想法,當恆星只剩下鐵核,核反應不能再繼續,向外力抵不住重力,恆星便會塌縮。塌縮的過程中,同時會有震波向外傳遞出來造成爆炸。 然而基於這個理論,由電腦模擬的結果發現震波會逐漸消失, 並不會造成超新星爆炸。而現今理論則認為被塌縮的鐵核排斥出來的微中子提供了額外的能量,使得恆星可以爆炸。根據這個理論,在震波波前附近的自由質子及中子吸收了微中子並且加熱,造成在波前的後方有足夠的壓力,使震波不但不會消散掉,而且還會超音速地加速衝過恆星,震波的力克服了核的重力吸引力,使得恆星的外層爆炸變成巨大明亮的氣殼。
在之前的模擬中,為了減少龐大的計算量,研究人員將微中子的效應假設成相當的溫度效應,而為了更精準地描述微中子的效應,在Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching,Germany的Hans-Thomas Janka及其同僚使用比較完備的理論來描述恆星裡的微中子--稱為time-dependent Boltzmann’s equation--來對超新星做二維的模擬計算,在這個有史以來最繁重的計算中,他們發現超新星仍舊不會爆炸,震波還是會耗散消失, 最後只留下一個黑洞。
Janka表示,這個超新星不會爆炸的結果說明了物理學家在微中子及原子核物理的理論上可能還缺少了某些東西,他認為問題可能是在地球周圍的環境下,微中子只跟很少數的質子,中子,或小原子作用。但是塌縮的恆星具有超密的質地,因此原子粒子也許有不同的結構,而造成微中子有不同於在地球附近的行為,另外一個可能的原因是在非常強的磁場下,微中子的行為將會受影響,而在超新星中也許就存在這樣的超高磁場。
原始論文:
R. Buras, M. Rampp, H.-Th. Janka, and K. Kifonidis, Improved models of stellar core collapse and still no explosions: what is missing? Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 241101 (2003).
編輯:tslim, tsongshin_lin@hotmail.com
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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整理/劉祥麟
德國的科學家發現用適當強度的質子照射在純度極高的石墨後,原本不具磁性的石墨將變成類似鐵磁性的物質而帶有磁性。
碳具有相當多形式的同素異形體,例如鑽石、碳六十、碳奈米管以及石墨等。這些物質共同的特色是都不帶有磁性。物質中的電子都可以視為一個小磁鐵,只是平時每個磁鐵所指的方向都不一樣而抵銷了整體磁性。而鐵磁性物質則是物質內的電子受到內部作用力的影響而全部指向同一個方向,而產生出磁性。
德國萊比錫大學的P. Esquinazi利用2.25 MeV的質子照射純度極高的石墨,發現質子會類似"卡"在石墨中而改變了石墨的結構。這些質子照射過的石墨,便開始帶有磁性並能對外加磁場進行反應。關閉外加磁場後,石墨依然帶有磁性,展現出典型鐵磁性物質的性質。
P. Esquinazi表示這種在室溫下帶有磁性的石墨將可以用在自旋電子元件中,也可以應用在製作磁性記憶體上。如果照射在碳奈米管上,將可能製造出尺寸最小的磁鐵,應用在生物醫學上。
原始論文:
P. Esquinazi, D. Spemann, R. Hohne, A. Setzer, K.-H. Han, and T. Butz, Induced magnetic ordering by proton irradiation in graphite, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 227201 (2003).
編輯:John C. H. Chen, r89222002@ntu.edu.tw
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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一個樁腳,能影響所有的選民嗎?
在選舉的時候,一個人所支持的立場可能會隨著情勢而改變。因此在下一個時間其立場改變的機率,將可能是上個時間自己與週遭選民立場的函數。如果在這些人中間有一位立場堅定的 "樁腳" 存在,他可以影響週遭選民的立場,而旁人卻難以影響他,那將會如何影響整體的選情?在2003年7月份出版的Physical Review Letters 期刊上,來自 EPFL in Lausanne 與 Boston University 的科學家 Mauro Mobilia 由自旋交互作用模型的解析計算中給出了一個有趣的現象,或許可以給我們一些啟發。
在數學上有一種問題叫做 "投票者模型 (voter model)",研究在物件狀態改變的機率,是由自己與週遭物件狀態所決定下,整體行為如何的演化。這種模型能表達一些非平衡態的多體隨機過程。在一般的研究中,每個物件與週遭交互作用的條件都設定成一樣,而這樣的系統行為已經被研究得很徹底了。然而現實世界中,並不是每個參與的物件都有相同影響力,對於這樣條件下的系統行為我們所知甚少。
在這項研究中,Mauro Mobilia 設定了這樣的物理模型:所有的物件都是自旋粒子,自旋的指向就代表該物件的狀態,而整個系統擁有無限多個自旋。每個自旋的翻轉速率會受到週遭自旋指向的影響,但是中間有一個自旋,對特定方向的翻轉速率比較高(也就是該文中的 zealot,在此翻譯成樁腳)。而在原點的自旋在不同維度的分佈下,一個自旋所能擁有的鄰近自旋數也會不同:一維鏈狀的排列,會有兩個鄰近自旋﹔二維方格網狀排列,可以有四個﹔而三維立體格狀排列,則會多達六個。
將交互作用加以整理,對空間中任一位置的自旋,可以得到一個對時間的微分方程式。這些微分方程式是存在解析解。他發現一些現象:在一維或二維的系統中,最後所有粒子的自旋指向將與樁腳一起朝著同樣方向,而一維系統中自旋的趨近變化(~1/ t1/2)又比二維的狀況下(~1 / ln t)要來得快上許多。至於在三維以上的系統,並不是所有的自旋最後都會與一起樁腳指向同一方向。
因此在這項研究的自旋模型中,在一些分布狀態下(維度在 1 或 2 時)樁腳的存在可以藉由影響週邊的自旋而帶動所有自旋的狀態趨於相同:但是在更密集的分布狀況中,樁腳也只能掌握部分自旋的指向。對照於人類的世界,或許這個結果也暗示我們:在愈密集複雜的社會中,樁腳愈是難以固票!
原始論文:
Mauro Mobilia, Does a single zealot affect an infinite group of voters?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 028701 (2003).
編輯:Keelungman, d91222007@ntu.edu.tw
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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偵測塑膠炸藥的新裝置
利用微機電系統製造的新型塑膠炸藥感應器。自從美國911事件之後,世界各國在航空安全上,無不投入特別的資源來加強,期望能夠偵查出潛伏的危機,達到早期預警及時防範的目的。特別是在對於塑膠爆炸物的偵測,更是一切安全措施的重點。在2003年8月份出版的Applied Physics Letters 期刊期刊中,田納西大學與Oak Ridge國家實驗室的Thomas Thundat與其研究小組的科學家們,發表了利用微機電系統所製造而成的塑膠炸藥感應裝置。
在目前的塑膠炸藥裡,最具危險性的要算是 PETN(pentaerythritol tetranitrate)與RDX(hexahydro-1, 3, 5-triazine)。因為這兩者不僅可以作成各種形狀,而且在引爆前極為穩定、但微量的爆炸卻足以造成相當程度的傷害。有鑑於此,Thundat等人的微機電偵測裝置,就是針對這兩種爆炸物所設計的。他們所製造的元件,核心部份是一個以矽所製成、一端黏結於彈簧接線、180 × 25 mm的平板(與游泳池邊的跳水跳板類似)。這個平板的一面上鍍有金,這一面的其中一端則鍍有一層會與PETN及RDX反應的物質4-MBA(4- mercaptobenzoic acid)。 如果受測的環境中有PETN或RDX的分子,平板將會因4-MBA與這些分子結合而產生彎曲。透過計算平板彎曲的程度,就可以達到偵測微量塑膠炸藥的目的。
Thundat等人將他們所製成的裝置封裝在一個真空玻璃中,然後通入一小段含有微量塑膠炸藥的空氣。他們利用改裝的原子力顯微鏡,來測量平板彎曲的程度。經過20秒的偵測及反應時間,實驗的結果顯示,他們的元件的靈敏度可以達到14×10-12。換算成重量的話,則是可以測到僅有數femtogram(10-15 g ) 的炸藥量。
相較於現今體積龐大的塑膠炸藥偵測裝置,Thundat等人的研究結果極有希望可以應用在製造攜帶方便、高靈敏度的偵測器。為了達成這個目標,他們下一步的實驗,就是要測試他們的元件在實際環境中,是否仍然有效。希望在不久的將來,我們可以看見這項研究結果的實現,為社會、世界的安全維護來把關。
原始論文:
L. A. Pinnaduwage, V. Boiadjiev, J. E. Hawk, and T. Thundat, Sensitive detection of plastic explosives with self-assembled monolayer-coated microcantilevers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 1471 (2003).
編輯:Agape, jeng-bang.yau@yale.edu
轉載自 http://www.sciscape.org
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雷射﹕一個原子夠不夠
加州理工學院的物理學家,利用低溫將單一銫原子局限在共振腔中,製造出具有與傳統雷射不同性質的單原子雷射。
所謂的雷射(LASER),其實是Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation的縮寫。顧名思義,就是經過放大、增幅的受激發輻射。由起初在雷射共振腔中所產生的光子,與其中的媒介物質(視雷射種類不同,可為氣體或固體),經過連鎖反應般的能量交換,最後發出同調(光子間彼此相對的相位固定) 的光。在一般傳統的雷射裡,光子與媒介物質的原子數極多,與所處的環境可視為是一個巨觀體系,所以它們彼此之間的量子效應通常可以忽略不計。在2003年 9月份出版的自然雜誌期刊裡,加州理工學院的物理學家H. J. Kimble與其研究小組,則利用與傳統截然不同的方式,將單獨的銫原子局限在共振腔中,製造出名副其實的單原子雷射。
Kimble等人的做法,是先將一個銫原子冷卻與局限在一個很小(42.2 mm)的光學共振腔中,然後用一外加雷射來激發這個銫原子。被激發的銫原子,則經過了能量的衰減而釋放出一個光子。由於銫原子與其環境、也就是共振腔的強烈耦合(交互作用),所釋放出的光子幾乎始終落在共振腔的某一個傳導態(mode),而不像傳統雷射裡光子總是在自由空間(free space)傳播的狀態。這時,再用另外一束雷射將銫原子激發至另一個受激態,之後會釋放出另一個光子,能量衰減回到基態。如此,就完成了這整個單原子雷射放光的過程,並且可以一再地重複。
這個單原子雷射所釋放出的光子,與傳統雷射最主要不同的地方,在於其具有antibunching的特性。也就是說,所產生的光子之間,彼此沒有太大的交互作用,意味著光源較為單純,沒有雜訊。此外,單原子雷射也沒有發光閾值(lasing threshold) 的限制,代表著其使用極小的電流(功率),就可以發出雷射光。當然,由於只有一個原子” 負責” 產生雷射,這樣的裝置僅有每秒鐘100000個光子的光通量,並且只能持續0.1秒的時間。儘管如此,Kimble仍然認為他們的實驗結果,是向雷射原理極限挑戰的寶貴成果。
原始論文:
J. Mckeever, A. Boca, A. D. Boozer, J. R. Buck, and H. J. Kimble, Experimental realization of a one-atom laser in the regime of strong coupling, Nature 425, 268 (2003).
編輯:Agape, jeng-bang.yau@yale.edu
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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超新星還是不爆炸
德國的科學家以現有的超新星的理論做模擬計算,他們發現在目前現有的理論架構下,超新星並不會爆炸。
根據我們在天文學課上學到的知識,大恆星最後終究會演化成超新星,然後爆炸而死亡。然而事實上,科學家們並不很明確地知道為什麼超新星會爆炸,他們只有一個粗略的圖像而已。根據最早的想法,當恆星只剩下鐵核,核反應不能再繼續,向外力抵不住重力,恆星便會塌縮。塌縮的過程中,同時會有震波向外傳遞出來造成爆炸。 然而基於這個理論,由電腦模擬的結果發現震波會逐漸消失, 並不會造成超新星爆炸。而現今理論則認為被塌縮的鐵核排斥出來的微中子提供了額外的能量,使得恆星可以爆炸。根據這個理論,在震波波前附近的自由質子及中子吸收了微中子並且加熱,造成在波前的後方有足夠的壓力,使震波不但不會消散掉,而且還會超音速地加速衝過恆星,震波的力克服了核的重力吸引力,使得恆星的外層爆炸變成巨大明亮的氣殼。
在之前的模擬中,為了減少龐大的計算量,研究人員將微中子的效應假設成相當的溫度效應,而為了更精準地描述微中子的效應,在Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching,Germany的Hans-Thomas Janka及其同僚使用比較完備的理論來描述恆星裡的微中子--稱為time-dependent Boltzmann’s equation--來對超新星做二維的模擬計算,在這個有史以來最繁重的計算中,他們發現超新星仍舊不會爆炸,震波還是會耗散消失, 最後只留下一個黑洞。
Janka表示,這個超新星不會爆炸的結果說明了物理學家在微中子及原子核物理的理論上可能還缺少了某些東西,他認為問題可能是在地球周圍的環境下,微中子只跟很少數的質子,中子,或小原子作用。但是塌縮的恆星具有超密的質地,因此原子粒子也許有不同的結構,而造成微中子有不同於在地球附近的行為,另外一個可能的原因是在非常強的磁場下,微中子的行為將會受影響,而在超新星中也許就存在這樣的超高磁場。
原始論文:
R. Buras, M. Rampp, H.-Th. Janka, and K. Kifonidis, Improved models of stellar core collapse and still no explosions: what is missing? Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 241101 (2003).
編輯:tslim, tsongshin_lin@hotmail.com
轉載自http://www.sciscape.org
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三硝基甲苯www.tool-tool.com
34wM
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(英文:Trinitrotoluene、TNT)是一種無色或淡黃色晶體,溶點為354 K(80.9°C)。它帶有爆炸性,是常用炸藥成份之一,例如混和硝酸銨可成為阿馬托炸藥。它由甲苯經過硝化而製成。它的IUPAC 命名是2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,由於本身為黃色晶體,所以與苦味酸同時世稱「黃色炸藥」。
精煉的三硝基甲苯十分穏定。與硝化甘油不同,它對於摩擦、震動等都不敏感。即使是受到槍擊,也不容易爆炸。因此它需要雷管起動。它也不會與金屬起化學作用或者吸收水份。因此它可以存放多年。但它與鹼強烈反應,生成不穩定的化合物。
每公斤TNT炸藥可產生420萬焦耳的能量。值得注意的是三硝基甲苯比脂肪(38MJ/kg)和糖(17MJ/kg)釋放更少的能量,但它會很迅速地釋放能量,這是因為它含有氧可作為助燃劑,不需要大氣中的氧氣。而現今有關爆炸和能量釋放的研究,也常常用「公斤黃色炸藥」或「噸黃色炸藥」為單位,以比較爆炸、地震、行星撞擊等大型反應時的能量。
有些軍事試驗基地被TNT所污染。軍火所產生的污水會污染地面水和地下水。這些被污染的水會呈粉紅色,這是因為水被TNT和黑索金所污染。這些污染物被稱為「粉紅水」,要清理程序十分困難和昂貴。
人長期暴露於三硝基甲苯會增加患貧血症和肝功能不正常的機會。注射了或吸入三硝基甲苯的動物亦發現會影響血液和肝臟、脾臟發大和其他有關免疫系統的壞影響。亦有證據證明了TNT對男性的生殖功能有不良影響,而TNT也被列為一種可能致癌物。進食TNT會使尿液變黑。能引起亞急性中毒、慢性中毒。例如引起白內障、中毒性肝炎,還損壞造血系統,疑有致癌性。
由甲苯經硝化製得。可以只經一次硝化,但不經濟。目前多採用三段硝化法。一段硝化中甲苯被硝化成一硝基甲苯(MNT),二段硝化中MNT被硝化成二硝基甲苯(DNT)。DNT是重要的炸藥。一、二段硝化只需濃度 50%左右的硝酸溶液與硫酸混合作硝化劑。一段混酸的成份為HNO3 13%;H2SO4 66%;H2O 21%。甲苯混酸比約1:6。二段混酸成份為:HNO3 13%;H2SO4 76%; H2O 11%。MNT、混酸比為1:4~5。一二段硝化原料易得,工藝簡單,製成的DNT成本低廉,很適於臨時生產。第三段硝化是將DNT硝化為TNT,需要幾乎不含水的混酸。一般是先向熔化了的DNT中加入發煙硫酸,再加入濃硝酸。發煙硫酸較缺乏的國家也使用濃硫酸。三段硝化的廢酸用於配製二段混酸,余類推。第三段硝化難度較大,不適於臨時生產。硝化後分離出的TNT為粗品,含大量有害雜質,必須精製。目前常用的精製方法是亞硫酸鈉法。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
2,4,6-三硝基甲苯(英文:Trinitrotoluene、TNT)是一種無色或淡黃色晶體,溶點為354 K(80.9°C)。它帶有爆炸性,是常用炸藥成份之一,例如混和硝酸銨可成為阿馬托炸藥。它由甲苯經過硝化而製成。它的IUPAC 命名是2,4,6-三硝基甲苯,由於本身為黃色晶體,所以與苦味酸同時世稱「黃色炸藥」。
精煉的三硝基甲苯十分穏定。與硝化甘油不同,它對於摩擦、震動等都不敏感。即使是受到槍擊,也不容易爆炸。因此它需要雷管起動。它也不會與金屬起化學作用或者吸收水份。因此它可以存放多年。但它與鹼強烈反應,生成不穩定的化合物。
每公斤TNT炸藥可產生420萬焦耳的能量。值得注意的是三硝基甲苯比脂肪(38MJ/kg)和糖(17MJ/kg)釋放更少的能量,但它會很迅速地釋放能量,這是因為它含有氧可作為助燃劑,不需要大氣中的氧氣。而現今有關爆炸和能量釋放的研究,也常常用「公斤黃色炸藥」或「噸黃色炸藥」為單位,以比較爆炸、地震、行星撞擊等大型反應時的能量。
有些軍事試驗基地被TNT所污染。軍火所產生的污水會污染地面水和地下水。這些被污染的水會呈粉紅色,這是因為水被TNT和黑索金所污染。這些污染物被稱為「粉紅水」,要清理程序十分困難和昂貴。
人長期暴露於三硝基甲苯會增加患貧血症和肝功能不正常的機會。注射了或吸入三硝基甲苯的動物亦發現會影響血液和肝臟、脾臟發大和其他有關免疫系統的壞影響。亦有證據證明了TNT對男性的生殖功能有不良影響,而TNT也被列為一種可能致癌物。進食TNT會使尿液變黑。能引起亞急性中毒、慢性中毒。例如引起白內障、中毒性肝炎,還損壞造血系統,疑有致癌性。
由甲苯經硝化製得。可以只經一次硝化,但不經濟。目前多採用三段硝化法。一段硝化中甲苯被硝化成一硝基甲苯(MNT),二段硝化中MNT被硝化成二硝基甲苯(DNT)。DNT是重要的炸藥。一、二段硝化只需濃度 50%左右的硝酸溶液與硫酸混合作硝化劑。一段混酸的成份為HNO3 13%;H2SO4 66%;H2O 21%。甲苯混酸比約1:6。二段混酸成份為:HNO3 13%;H2SO4 76%; H2O 11%。MNT、混酸比為1:4~5。一二段硝化原料易得,工藝簡單,製成的DNT成本低廉,很適於臨時生產。第三段硝化是將DNT硝化為TNT,需要幾乎不含水的混酸。一般是先向熔化了的DNT中加入發煙硫酸,再加入濃硝酸。發煙硫酸較缺乏的國家也使用濃硫酸。三段硝化的廢酸用於配製二段混酸,余類推。第三段硝化難度較大,不適於臨時生產。硝化後分離出的TNT為粗品,含大量有害雜質,必須精製。目前常用的精製方法是亞硫酸鈉法。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Trinitrotoluene www.tool-tool.com
34wS2
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Trinitrotoluene (pronounced /ˌtraɪnaɪtrɵˈtɒljʉ.iːn/; famously known and abbreviated as TNT), or more specifically, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. This yellow-colored solid is sometimes used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as a useful explosive material with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the standard measure of strength of bombs and other explosives. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts.
Industrially, TNT is synthesized in a three-step process. First, toluene is nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to produce mono-nitrotoluene or MNT. The MNT is separated and then renitrated to dinitrotoluene or DNT. In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene or TNT using an anhydrous mixture of nitric acid and oleum. Nitric acid is consumed by the manufacturing process, but the diluted sulfuric acid can be reconcentrated and reused. Subsequent to nitration, TNT is stabilized by a process called sulphitation, where the crude TNT is treated with aqueous sodium sulfite solution in order to remove less stable isomers of TNT and other undesired reaction products. The rinse water from sulphitation is known as red water and is a significant pollutant and waste product of TNT manufacture.
Control of nitrogen oxides in feed nitric acid is very important because free nitrogen dioxide can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly exothermic and carries with it the risk of runaway reaction and explosion.
In the laboratory, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is produced by a two step process. A nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids is used to nitrate toluene to a mixture of mono- and di-nitrotoluene isomers, with cooling to maintain careful temperature control. The nitrated toluenes are separated, washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate to remove oxides of nitrogen, and then carefully nitrated with a mixture of fuming nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Towards the end of the nitration, the mixture is heated on a steam bath. The trinitrotoluene is separated, washed with a dilute solution of sodium sulfite and then recrystallized from alcohol.
TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military and industrial applications. It is valued because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental detonation. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.
Although blocks of TNT are available in various sizes (e.g. 250 g, 500 g, 1,000 g ), it is more commonly encountered in synergistic explosive blends comprising a variable percentage of TNT plus other ingredients. Examples of explosive blends containing TNT include:
* Amatex
* Amatol
* Ammonal
* Baratol
* Composition B
* Composition H6
* Cyclotol
* Ednatol
* Hexanite
* Minol
* Octol
* Pentolite
* Picratol
* Tetrytol
* Torpex
* Tritonal
It is a common misconception that TNT and dynamite are the same, or that dynamite contains TNT. In fact, whereas TNT is a specific chemical compound, dynamite is an absorbent mixture soaked in nitroglycerin that is compressed into a cylindrical shape and wrapped in paper.
Upon detonation, TNT decomposes as follows:
2 C7H5N3O6 → 3 N2 + 5 H2O + 7 CO + 7 C
The reaction is exothermic but has a high activation energy. Because of the production of carbon, TNT explosions have a sooty appearance. Because TNT has an excess of carbon, explosive mixtures with oxygen-rich compounds can yield more energy per kilogram than TNT alone. During the 20th century, amatol, a mixture of TNT with ammonium nitrate was a widely used military explosive.
Detonation of TNT can be done using a high velocity initiator or by efficient concussion.
For many years, TNT used to be the reference point for the Figure of Insensitivity. TNT has a rating of exactly 100 on the F of I scale. However, the reference has since been changed to a more sensitive explosive called RDX, which has an F of I of 80.
TNT contains 4.6 megajoules per kilogram. The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or megatons (~4.184 petajoules) of TNT equivalent.
For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so "gasoline + O2" mixture contains only 10.4 megajoules per kilogram).
TNT was first prepared in 1863 by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not appreciated for several years mainly because it was so difficult to detonate and because it was less powerful than alternatives. TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910, it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage.[citation needed]
The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for artillery shells in 1902. TNT-filled armour-piercing shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of British capital ships, whereas the British lyddite-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. The British started replacing lyddite with TNT in 1907. TNT is still widely used by the United States military and construction companies around the world. The majority of TNT currently used by the US military is manufactured by Radford Army Ammunition Plant near Radford, Virginia.
TNT is poisonous, and skin contact can cause skin irritation, causing the skin to turn a bright yellow-orange color. During the First World War, munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which resulted in their acquiring the nickname "canary girls" or simply "canaries."
People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience anemia and abnormal liver functions. Blood and liver effects, spleen enlargement and other harmful effects on the immune system have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male fertility, and TNT is listed as a possible human carcinogen. Consumption of TNT produces red urine through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed.
Some military testing grounds are contaminated with TNT. Wastewater from munitions programs including contamination of surface and subsurface waters may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to remedy.
TNT is prone to exudation of dinitrotoluenes and other isomers of trinitrotoluene. Even small quantities of such impurities can cause such effect. The effect shows especially in projectiles containing TNT and stored at higher temperatures, e.g. during summer. Exudation of impurities leads to formation of pores and cracks (which in turn cause increased shock sensitivity). Migration of the exudated liquid into the fuze screw thread can form fire channels, increasing the risk of accidental detonations; fuze malfunction can result from the liquids migrating into its mechanism.
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Trinitrotoluene (pronounced /ˌtraɪnaɪtrɵˈtɒljʉ.iːn/; famously known and abbreviated as TNT), or more specifically, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. This yellow-colored solid is sometimes used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as a useful explosive material with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the standard measure of strength of bombs and other explosives. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts.
Industrially, TNT is synthesized in a three-step process. First, toluene is nitrated with a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid to produce mono-nitrotoluene or MNT. The MNT is separated and then renitrated to dinitrotoluene or DNT. In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene or TNT using an anhydrous mixture of nitric acid and oleum. Nitric acid is consumed by the manufacturing process, but the diluted sulfuric acid can be reconcentrated and reused. Subsequent to nitration, TNT is stabilized by a process called sulphitation, where the crude TNT is treated with aqueous sodium sulfite solution in order to remove less stable isomers of TNT and other undesired reaction products. The rinse water from sulphitation is known as red water and is a significant pollutant and waste product of TNT manufacture.
Control of nitrogen oxides in feed nitric acid is very important because free nitrogen dioxide can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly exothermic and carries with it the risk of runaway reaction and explosion.
In the laboratory, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is produced by a two step process. A nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids is used to nitrate toluene to a mixture of mono- and di-nitrotoluene isomers, with cooling to maintain careful temperature control. The nitrated toluenes are separated, washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate to remove oxides of nitrogen, and then carefully nitrated with a mixture of fuming nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Towards the end of the nitration, the mixture is heated on a steam bath. The trinitrotoluene is separated, washed with a dilute solution of sodium sulfite and then recrystallized from alcohol.
TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military and industrial applications. It is valued because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental detonation. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.
Although blocks of TNT are available in various sizes (e.g. 250 g, 500 g, 1,000 g ), it is more commonly encountered in synergistic explosive blends comprising a variable percentage of TNT plus other ingredients. Examples of explosive blends containing TNT include:
* Amatex
* Amatol
* Ammonal
* Baratol
* Composition B
* Composition H6
* Cyclotol
* Ednatol
* Hexanite
* Minol
* Octol
* Pentolite
* Picratol
* Tetrytol
* Torpex
* Tritonal
It is a common misconception that TNT and dynamite are the same, or that dynamite contains TNT. In fact, whereas TNT is a specific chemical compound, dynamite is an absorbent mixture soaked in nitroglycerin that is compressed into a cylindrical shape and wrapped in paper.
Upon detonation, TNT decomposes as follows:
2 C7H5N3O6 → 3 N2 + 5 H2O + 7 CO + 7 C
The reaction is exothermic but has a high activation energy. Because of the production of carbon, TNT explosions have a sooty appearance. Because TNT has an excess of carbon, explosive mixtures with oxygen-rich compounds can yield more energy per kilogram than TNT alone. During the 20th century, amatol, a mixture of TNT with ammonium nitrate was a widely used military explosive.
Detonation of TNT can be done using a high velocity initiator or by efficient concussion.
For many years, TNT used to be the reference point for the Figure of Insensitivity. TNT has a rating of exactly 100 on the F of I scale. However, the reference has since been changed to a more sensitive explosive called RDX, which has an F of I of 80.
TNT contains 4.6 megajoules per kilogram. The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or megatons (~4.184 petajoules) of TNT equivalent.
For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so "gasoline + O2" mixture contains only 10.4 megajoules per kilogram).
TNT was first prepared in 1863 by German chemist Joseph Wilbrand and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not appreciated for several years mainly because it was so difficult to detonate and because it was less powerful than alternatives. TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910, it was exempted from the UK's Explosives Act 1875 and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage.[citation needed]
The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for artillery shells in 1902. TNT-filled armour-piercing shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of British capital ships, whereas the British lyddite-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. The British started replacing lyddite with TNT in 1907. TNT is still widely used by the United States military and construction companies around the world. The majority of TNT currently used by the US military is manufactured by Radford Army Ammunition Plant near Radford, Virginia.
TNT is poisonous, and skin contact can cause skin irritation, causing the skin to turn a bright yellow-orange color. During the First World War, munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which resulted in their acquiring the nickname "canary girls" or simply "canaries."
People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience anemia and abnormal liver functions. Blood and liver effects, spleen enlargement and other harmful effects on the immune system have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male fertility, and TNT is listed as a possible human carcinogen. Consumption of TNT produces red urine through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed.
Some military testing grounds are contaminated with TNT. Wastewater from munitions programs including contamination of surface and subsurface waters may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "pink water", may be difficult and expensive to remedy.
TNT is prone to exudation of dinitrotoluenes and other isomers of trinitrotoluene. Even small quantities of such impurities can cause such effect. The effect shows especially in projectiles containing TNT and stored at higher temperatures, e.g. during summer. Exudation of impurities leads to formation of pores and cracks (which in turn cause increased shock sensitivity). Migration of the exudated liquid into the fuze screw thread can form fire channels, increasing the risk of accidental detonations; fuze malfunction can result from the liquids migrating into its mechanism.
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
环三亚甲基三硝胺cyclotrimethylene www.tool-tool.com
34wS3
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
化学品中文名:环三次甲基三硝铵;黑索金;环三亚甲基三硝胺;旋风炸药;RDX
化学品英文名:cyclotrimethylene trinitramine;Hexogen;cyclonite
危险性类别:第 1 类 爆炸品
侵入途径:吸入、食入
健康危害:吸入中毒可发生癫痫样发作;误服可引起头晕、恶心、呕吐、流涎、多汗,重者发生抽搐。
环境危害:对环境有害。
燃爆危险:受撞击、磨擦,遇明火或其它点火源极易爆炸。
皮肤接触:脱去污染的衣着,用流动清水冲洗。如有不适感,就医。
眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。如有不适感,就医。
吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。呼吸、心跳停止,立即进行心肺复苏术。就医。
食入:饮足量温水,催吐、洗胃、导泻。就医。
危险特性:受摩擦、撞击易发生爆炸。其爆速、猛度、威力比梯恩梯、特屈儿都大。
有害燃烧产物:一氧化碳、氮氧化物。
灭火方法:用大量水灭火。
灭火注意事项及措施:消防人员须在有防爆掩蔽处操作。遇大火切勿轻易接近。禁止用砂土压盖。
稳定性:稳定
禁配物:强酸、强碱。
避免接触的条件:受热、摩擦、撞击。
聚合危害:不聚合
分解产物:氮氧化物。
废弃物性质:危险废物
废弃处置方法:在公安部门指定地点引爆。
废弃注意事项:处置前应参阅国家和地方有关法规。废弃处置人员必须接受过专门的爆炸性物质废弃处置培训。
危险货物编号:11041
UN编号:0072
包装类别:
包装标志:爆炸品
包装方法:装入四层坚韧的厚纸袋或布袋、袋口捆紧后装入坚固木箱中;装入 0.1毫米以上的塑料袋、乳胶布袋,将袋口扎紧,再装入全开口或中开口钢桶中。
运输注意事项:凭到达地公安机关的运输证托运。本品铁路运输时限使用停止制动作用的棚车运输。铁路运输时应严格按照铁道部《危险货物运输规则》中的危险货物配装表进行配装。货车编组,应按照《车辆编组隔离表》进行。起运时包装要完整,装载应稳妥。运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。车速要加以控制,避免颠簸、震荡。不得与酸、碱、盐类、氧化剂、易燃可燃物、自燃物品、金属粉末等危险物品及钢铁材料器具混装。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋,防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶,中途停留时应严格选择停放地点,远离高压电源、火源和高温场所,要与其它车辆隔离并留有专人看管,禁止在居民区和人口稠密区停留。铁路运输时要禁止溜放。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
化学品中文名:环三次甲基三硝铵;黑索金;环三亚甲基三硝胺;旋风炸药;RDX
化学品英文名:cyclotrimethylene trinitramine;Hexogen;cyclonite
危险性类别:第 1 类 爆炸品
侵入途径:吸入、食入
健康危害:吸入中毒可发生癫痫样发作;误服可引起头晕、恶心、呕吐、流涎、多汗,重者发生抽搐。
环境危害:对环境有害。
燃爆危险:受撞击、磨擦,遇明火或其它点火源极易爆炸。
皮肤接触:脱去污染的衣着,用流动清水冲洗。如有不适感,就医。
眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。如有不适感,就医。
吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。呼吸、心跳停止,立即进行心肺复苏术。就医。
食入:饮足量温水,催吐、洗胃、导泻。就医。
危险特性:受摩擦、撞击易发生爆炸。其爆速、猛度、威力比梯恩梯、特屈儿都大。
有害燃烧产物:一氧化碳、氮氧化物。
灭火方法:用大量水灭火。
灭火注意事项及措施:消防人员须在有防爆掩蔽处操作。遇大火切勿轻易接近。禁止用砂土压盖。
稳定性:稳定
禁配物:强酸、强碱。
避免接触的条件:受热、摩擦、撞击。
聚合危害:不聚合
分解产物:氮氧化物。
废弃物性质:危险废物
废弃处置方法:在公安部门指定地点引爆。
废弃注意事项:处置前应参阅国家和地方有关法规。废弃处置人员必须接受过专门的爆炸性物质废弃处置培训。
危险货物编号:11041
UN编号:0072
包装类别:
包装标志:爆炸品
包装方法:装入四层坚韧的厚纸袋或布袋、袋口捆紧后装入坚固木箱中;装入 0.1毫米以上的塑料袋、乳胶布袋,将袋口扎紧,再装入全开口或中开口钢桶中。
运输注意事项:凭到达地公安机关的运输证托运。本品铁路运输时限使用停止制动作用的棚车运输。铁路运输时应严格按照铁道部《危险货物运输规则》中的危险货物配装表进行配装。货车编组,应按照《车辆编组隔离表》进行。起运时包装要完整,装载应稳妥。运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。车速要加以控制,避免颠簸、震荡。不得与酸、碱、盐类、氧化剂、易燃可燃物、自燃物品、金属粉末等危险物品及钢铁材料器具混装。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋,防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶,中途停留时应严格选择停放地点,远离高压电源、火源和高温场所,要与其它车辆隔离并留有专人看管,禁止在居民区和人口稠密区停留。铁路运输时要禁止溜放。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
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情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
具有整体爆炸危险的物质和物品www.tool-tool.com
31wW
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
转自http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn /chemsafety/csbz-10-1.htm
是政府网站上的放火安全条例
太长了
4.1 第1项 具有整体爆炸危险的物质和物品
编号 品 名 别 名 备注1)
11001 爆破用电雷管 工程电雷管 0030
11002 爆破用非电雷管 工程非电雷管 0029
11003 弹药用雷管 炮弹雷管 0073
11004 爆破用非电雷管组件 0360
11005 传爆管[带雷管的] 助爆管 0225
11006 传爆管[不带雷管的] 助爆管 0042
11007 导爆索[外包金属的] 0290
11008 导爆索[柔性的] 0065
11009 爆炸管 0043
11010 火帽 0377
11011 点火管 0121
11012 起爆引信 0106
11013 起爆引信[带有安全保护装置的] 0408
11014 无线电引信
11015 压电引信
11016 机械引信
11017 点火引信[高炮用]
旋翼控制器[航弹用]
11018 迭氮(化)钡[干的或含水<50%] 0224
11019 迭氮(化)铅[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 0129
11020 重氮甲烷
11021 二硝基重氮酚[含水或水加乙醇≥40%] 重氮二硝基苯酚 0074
11022 三硝基间苯二酚铅[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 收敛酸铅 0130
11023 脒基亚硝氨基脒基叉肼[含水≥30%] 0113
11024
脒基亚硝氨基脒基四氮烯
[含水或水加乙醇 ≥30%] 四氮烯:特屈拉辛
0114
11025 雷(酸)汞[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 0135
11026 高氯酸[浓度>72%]
11027 硝基胍[干的或含水<20%] 橄苦岩 0282
11028 硝基脲 0147
11029 硝酸脲[干的或含水<20%] 0220
11030 硝酸重氮苯
11031 硝化淀粉[干的或含水<20%] 硝化棉 0146
[干的或含水(或乙醇)<25%] 0340
[含增塑剂<18%] 0341
11033
硝化丙三醇
[含不挥发、不溶于水的钝感剂 ≥40%] 硝化甘油;
甘油三硝酸酯 0143
11034 硝化丙三醇乙醇溶液[含硝化甘油1%~10%] 硝化甘油乙醇溶液 0144
11035 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯[干的或含水<30%] 梯恩梯(TNT) 0209
11036 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯与铝混合物 特里托纳尔 0390
11037 三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯混合物 0388
三硝基甲苯与六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯混合物
三硝基甲苯与
六硝基芪混合物 0388
11038
三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯和
六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯混合物 三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯和六硝基芪混合物 0389
11039 三硝基甲苯与硝基萘混合物 梯萘炸药
11040 2,4,6-三硝基苯甲硝胺 特屈儿 0208
11041 环三次甲基三硝胺 黑索金:旋风炸药
[含水≥15%] 0072
[钝感的] 0483
11042
环三次甲基三硝胺与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 黑索金与梯恩梯混合炸药:黑索雷特 0118
11043
环三次四基三硝胺与三硝基甲苯和
铝粉混合物 黑索金与梯恩梯和铝粉混合炸药;黑索托纳尔 0393
11044
环三次甲基三硝胺与环四次甲基四硝胺混合物[含水≥15%或含钝感剂≥10%] 黑索金与
奥克托金混合物 0391
11045
以环三次甲基三硝胺为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以黑索金为主体混合炸药
11046 环四次甲基四硝胺 奥克托金(HMX)
[含水≥15%] 0226
[钝感的] 0484
11047
环四次甲基四硝胺与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 奥克托金与梯恩梯混合炸药;奥克雷特 0266
11048
以环四次甲基四硝胺为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以奥克托金为主体
混合炸药
11049 季戊四醇四硝酸酯 泰安;喷梯尔
[含水≥25%或含钝感剂≥15%] 0150
[含蜡≥7%] 0411
11050
季戊四醇四硝酸酯与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 泰安与梯恩梯混合炸药;彭托雷特 0151
11051
以季戊四醇四硝酸酯为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以泰安为主体混合炸药
11052 二硝基(苯)酚[干的或含水<15%] 0076
11053 二硝基间苯二酚[干的或含水<15%] 0078
11054 1,3,5-三硝基苯[干的或含水<30%] 均三硝基苯 0214
11055 2,4,6-三硝基二甲苯
11056 2,4,6-三硝基氯(化)苯 苦基氯 0155
11057 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚[干的或含水<30%] 苦味酸 0154
11058 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚钠 苦味酸钠
11059 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚铵[干的或含水<10%] 苦味酸铵 0004
11060 三硝基间甲酚 0216
11061 2,4,6-三硝基间苯二酚 收敛酸 0129,0394
11062 三硝基苯甲醚 三硝基茴香醚 0213
11063 三硝基苯乙醚 0218
11064 2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸[干的或含水<30%] 三硝基安息香酸 0215
11065 三硝基苯磺酸 0386
11066 2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸钠
11067 2,4,6-三硝基苯胺 苦基胺 0153
11068 2,3,4,6-四硝基苯胺 0207
11069 三硝基芴酮 0387
11070 三硝基萘 0217
11071 四硝基萘
11072 四硝基萘胺
11073 六硝基二苯胺 六硝炸药;二苦基胺 0079
11074 六硝基二苯胺铵盐 曙黄
11075 六硝基二苯硫[干的或含水<10%] 二苦基硫 0401
11076 六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯 六硝基芪 0392
11077 甘露糖醇六硝酸酯[含水或水加乙醇≥40%] 六硝基甘露醇
11078
二乙二醇二硝酸酯
[含不挥发、不溶于水的 钝感剂≥25%] 二甘醇二硝酸酯
0075
11079 甲基丙烯酸三硝基乙酯
11080 5-硝基苯并三唑 硝基连三氮杂茚 0385
11081 高氯酸铵 0402
11082
硝酸铵[含可燃物>0.2%,包括以碳计算的 任何有机物,但不包括任何其他添加剂] 0
222
11083
硝酸铵肥料[比硝酸铵(含可燃物>0.2%, 包括以碳计算的任何有机物,但不包括其 他
添加剂)更易爆炸] 0223
11084 硝铵炸药 铵梯炸药
11085 浆状火药[含乙醇≥17%] 吸收药团 0433
11086 辅助炸药装药 0060
11087 锥孔装药[外包金属的,柔性的,线型的] 空心装药 0288
11088 锥孔装药[不带雷管的] 空心装药 0059
11089 爆破用装药 0048
11090 民用炸药装药[不带雷管的] 0442
11091 A型爆破用炸药 0081
11092 B型爆破用炸药 0082
11093 C型爆破用炸药 0083
11094 D型爆破用炸药 0084
11095 E型爆破用炸药 0241
11096 黑火药[粒状或粉状] 0027
11097 黑火药制品 0028
如:黑火药丸
黑火药包
11098 炮用发射药 0279
11099 无烟火药 0160
如:单基火药
双基火药
11100 火箭发动机用推进剂 双基推进剂 0271
11101 火箭发动机用复合推进剂 复基推进剂 0273
11102 闪光粉 0094
11103 闪光弹药 0049
11104 火箭[装有炸药的] 0180,0181
11105 火箭发动机 0280
11106 火箭弹头[装有炸药的] 0369,0286
11107 液体燃料火箭[装有炸药的] 0397
11108 弹丸[装有炸药的] 0167,0168
11109 炸弹[装有炸药的] 0034,0033
11110 燃烧炸弹[装有易燃液体和炸药的] 0399
11111 深水炸弹 0056
11112 武器用弹药[装有炸药和发射药或推进剂] 0006
如:分装式炮弹
定装式半备炮弹
定装式半备迫击炮弹
11113 武器用弹药[装有炸药的] 0005
如:定装式全备炮弹
定装式全备火箭
11114 武器用弹药[空包弹] 0326
11115 震源弹
11116 测深装置[爆炸性的] 0296,0374
11117 摄影闪光弹 0037,0038
11118 地面照明弹 0418
11119 空中照明弹 0420
11120 手榴弹、枪榴弹 0284,0292
11121 地雷 0136,0137
11122
鱼雷
0329,0330, 0449,0451
11123 鱼雷战斗部 0221
11124 水雷
11125 抛撒地雷器
11126 火箭扫雷弹
11127 火箭爆破器
11128 爆破筒
11129 油井用爆炸破孔装置[不带雷管的] 0099
11130 油井用射孔枪[不带雷管的] 0124
11131 船舶呼救信号器[非水活化装置] 0194
11132 铁路轨道信号器 0192
11133 烟雾信号器[带有爆炸音响装置的] 0196
11134 烟火制品[为技术目的用的] 0428
11135 烟火制品 0333
11136
爆炸物质[未列名的]
0357,0461, 0473,0474, 0475,0476
11137
爆炸物品[未列名的]
0354,0462, 0463,0464, 0465
注:1)备注栏内的数码是指联合国危险货物运输问题专家委员会推荐的《最常见运输危
险货物品名表》中的编号(下同)。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
转自http://www.chinasafety.gov.cn /chemsafety/csbz-10-1.htm
是政府网站上的放火安全条例
太长了
4.1 第1项 具有整体爆炸危险的物质和物品
编号 品 名 别 名 备注1)
11001 爆破用电雷管 工程电雷管 0030
11002 爆破用非电雷管 工程非电雷管 0029
11003 弹药用雷管 炮弹雷管 0073
11004 爆破用非电雷管组件 0360
11005 传爆管[带雷管的] 助爆管 0225
11006 传爆管[不带雷管的] 助爆管 0042
11007 导爆索[外包金属的] 0290
11008 导爆索[柔性的] 0065
11009 爆炸管 0043
11010 火帽 0377
11011 点火管 0121
11012 起爆引信 0106
11013 起爆引信[带有安全保护装置的] 0408
11014 无线电引信
11015 压电引信
11016 机械引信
11017 点火引信[高炮用]
旋翼控制器[航弹用]
11018 迭氮(化)钡[干的或含水<50%] 0224
11019 迭氮(化)铅[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 0129
11020 重氮甲烷
11021 二硝基重氮酚[含水或水加乙醇≥40%] 重氮二硝基苯酚 0074
11022 三硝基间苯二酚铅[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 收敛酸铅 0130
11023 脒基亚硝氨基脒基叉肼[含水≥30%] 0113
11024
脒基亚硝氨基脒基四氮烯
[含水或水加乙醇 ≥30%] 四氮烯:特屈拉辛
0114
11025 雷(酸)汞[含水或水加乙醇≥20%] 0135
11026 高氯酸[浓度>72%]
11027 硝基胍[干的或含水<20%] 橄苦岩 0282
11028 硝基脲 0147
11029 硝酸脲[干的或含水<20%] 0220
11030 硝酸重氮苯
11031 硝化淀粉[干的或含水<20%] 硝化棉 0146
[干的或含水(或乙醇)<25%] 0340
[含增塑剂<18%] 0341
11033
硝化丙三醇
[含不挥发、不溶于水的钝感剂 ≥40%] 硝化甘油;
甘油三硝酸酯 0143
11034 硝化丙三醇乙醇溶液[含硝化甘油1%~10%] 硝化甘油乙醇溶液 0144
11035 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯[干的或含水<30%] 梯恩梯(TNT) 0209
11036 2,4,6-三硝基甲苯与铝混合物 特里托纳尔 0390
11037 三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯混合物 0388
三硝基甲苯与六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯混合物
三硝基甲苯与
六硝基芪混合物 0388
11038
三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯和
六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯混合物 三硝基甲苯与三硝基苯和六硝基芪混合物 0389
11039 三硝基甲苯与硝基萘混合物 梯萘炸药
11040 2,4,6-三硝基苯甲硝胺 特屈儿 0208
11041 环三次甲基三硝胺 黑索金:旋风炸药
[含水≥15%] 0072
[钝感的] 0483
11042
环三次甲基三硝胺与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 黑索金与梯恩梯混合炸药:黑索雷特 0118
11043
环三次四基三硝胺与三硝基甲苯和
铝粉混合物 黑索金与梯恩梯和铝粉混合炸药;黑索托纳尔 0393
11044
环三次甲基三硝胺与环四次甲基四硝胺混合物[含水≥15%或含钝感剂≥10%] 黑索金与
奥克托金混合物 0391
11045
以环三次甲基三硝胺为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以黑索金为主体混合炸药
11046 环四次甲基四硝胺 奥克托金(HMX)
[含水≥15%] 0226
[钝感的] 0484
11047
环四次甲基四硝胺与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 奥克托金与梯恩梯混合炸药;奥克雷特 0266
11048
以环四次甲基四硝胺为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以奥克托金为主体
混合炸药
11049 季戊四醇四硝酸酯 泰安;喷梯尔
[含水≥25%或含钝感剂≥15%] 0150
[含蜡≥7%] 0411
11050
季戊四醇四硝酸酯与三硝基甲苯混合物
[干的或含水<15%] 泰安与梯恩梯混合炸药;彭托雷特 0151
11051
以季戊四醇四硝酸酯为主体混合物
[未列名的] 以泰安为主体混合炸药
11052 二硝基(苯)酚[干的或含水<15%] 0076
11053 二硝基间苯二酚[干的或含水<15%] 0078
11054 1,3,5-三硝基苯[干的或含水<30%] 均三硝基苯 0214
11055 2,4,6-三硝基二甲苯
11056 2,4,6-三硝基氯(化)苯 苦基氯 0155
11057 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚[干的或含水<30%] 苦味酸 0154
11058 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚钠 苦味酸钠
11059 2,4,6-三硝基苯酚铵[干的或含水<10%] 苦味酸铵 0004
11060 三硝基间甲酚 0216
11061 2,4,6-三硝基间苯二酚 收敛酸 0129,0394
11062 三硝基苯甲醚 三硝基茴香醚 0213
11063 三硝基苯乙醚 0218
11064 2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸[干的或含水<30%] 三硝基安息香酸 0215
11065 三硝基苯磺酸 0386
11066 2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸钠
11067 2,4,6-三硝基苯胺 苦基胺 0153
11068 2,3,4,6-四硝基苯胺 0207
11069 三硝基芴酮 0387
11070 三硝基萘 0217
11071 四硝基萘
11072 四硝基萘胺
11073 六硝基二苯胺 六硝炸药;二苦基胺 0079
11074 六硝基二苯胺铵盐 曙黄
11075 六硝基二苯硫[干的或含水<10%] 二苦基硫 0401
11076 六硝基-1,2-二苯乙烯 六硝基芪 0392
11077 甘露糖醇六硝酸酯[含水或水加乙醇≥40%] 六硝基甘露醇
11078
二乙二醇二硝酸酯
[含不挥发、不溶于水的 钝感剂≥25%] 二甘醇二硝酸酯
0075
11079 甲基丙烯酸三硝基乙酯
11080 5-硝基苯并三唑 硝基连三氮杂茚 0385
11081 高氯酸铵 0402
11082
硝酸铵[含可燃物>0.2%,包括以碳计算的 任何有机物,但不包括任何其他添加剂] 0
222
11083
硝酸铵肥料[比硝酸铵(含可燃物>0.2%, 包括以碳计算的任何有机物,但不包括其 他
添加剂)更易爆炸] 0223
11084 硝铵炸药 铵梯炸药
11085 浆状火药[含乙醇≥17%] 吸收药团 0433
11086 辅助炸药装药 0060
11087 锥孔装药[外包金属的,柔性的,线型的] 空心装药 0288
11088 锥孔装药[不带雷管的] 空心装药 0059
11089 爆破用装药 0048
11090 民用炸药装药[不带雷管的] 0442
11091 A型爆破用炸药 0081
11092 B型爆破用炸药 0082
11093 C型爆破用炸药 0083
11094 D型爆破用炸药 0084
11095 E型爆破用炸药 0241
11096 黑火药[粒状或粉状] 0027
11097 黑火药制品 0028
如:黑火药丸
黑火药包
11098 炮用发射药 0279
11099 无烟火药 0160
如:单基火药
双基火药
11100 火箭发动机用推进剂 双基推进剂 0271
11101 火箭发动机用复合推进剂 复基推进剂 0273
11102 闪光粉 0094
11103 闪光弹药 0049
11104 火箭[装有炸药的] 0180,0181
11105 火箭发动机 0280
11106 火箭弹头[装有炸药的] 0369,0286
11107 液体燃料火箭[装有炸药的] 0397
11108 弹丸[装有炸药的] 0167,0168
11109 炸弹[装有炸药的] 0034,0033
11110 燃烧炸弹[装有易燃液体和炸药的] 0399
11111 深水炸弹 0056
11112 武器用弹药[装有炸药和发射药或推进剂] 0006
如:分装式炮弹
定装式半备炮弹
定装式半备迫击炮弹
11113 武器用弹药[装有炸药的] 0005
如:定装式全备炮弹
定装式全备火箭
11114 武器用弹药[空包弹] 0326
11115 震源弹
11116 测深装置[爆炸性的] 0296,0374
11117 摄影闪光弹 0037,0038
11118 地面照明弹 0418
11119 空中照明弹 0420
11120 手榴弹、枪榴弹 0284,0292
11121 地雷 0136,0137
11122
鱼雷
0329,0330, 0449,0451
11123 鱼雷战斗部 0221
11124 水雷
11125 抛撒地雷器
11126 火箭扫雷弹
11127 火箭爆破器
11128 爆破筒
11129 油井用爆炸破孔装置[不带雷管的] 0099
11130 油井用射孔枪[不带雷管的] 0124
11131 船舶呼救信号器[非水活化装置] 0194
11132 铁路轨道信号器 0192
11133 烟雾信号器[带有爆炸音响装置的] 0196
11134 烟火制品[为技术目的用的] 0428
11135 烟火制品 0333
11136
爆炸物质[未列名的]
0357,0461, 0473,0474, 0475,0476
11137
爆炸物品[未列名的]
0354,0462, 0463,0464, 0465
注:1)备注栏内的数码是指联合国危险货物运输问题专家委员会推荐的《最常见运输危
险货物品名表》中的编号(下同)。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
高氯酸鹽www.tool-tool.com
版2ec1
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
高氯酸鹽是高氯酸形成的鹽類,含有四面體型的高氯酸根離子—ClO4−,其中氯的氧化態為+7。高氯酸鹽存在於自然界中,主要用作火箭燃料和煙火中的氧化劑和安全氣囊中的爆炸物。多數高氯酸鹽可溶於水。[1]
常見的高氯酸鹽有:
* 高氯酸銨—NH4ClO4,用作固體火箭燃料中的氧化劑
* 高氯酸銫—CsClO4
* 高氯酸鋰—LiClO4,放熱分解放出氧氣,用作空間飛船中的生氧劑
* 高氯酸鎂—Mg(ClO4)2
* 高氯酸鉀—KClO4,用於煙火中
* 高氯酸銣—RbClO4
* 高氯酸銀—AgClO4
* 高氯酸鈉—NaClO4
* 儘管其中氯的氧化態為+7,但在氯的所有含氧酸根離子中,高氯酸根離子的氧化性最弱。這是由於氯在高氯酸根離子中處於四面體的中心,不易發生反應。大多數高氯酸鹽,尤其是電正性金屬如鈉形成的化合物如高氯酸鈉,都相對較穩定,也因此可以取代曾經用於煙火中但具不穩定性的氯酸鹽類氧化劑。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
高氯酸鹽是高氯酸形成的鹽類,含有四面體型的高氯酸根離子—ClO4−,其中氯的氧化態為+7。高氯酸鹽存在於自然界中,主要用作火箭燃料和煙火中的氧化劑和安全氣囊中的爆炸物。多數高氯酸鹽可溶於水。[1]
常見的高氯酸鹽有:
* 高氯酸銨—NH4ClO4,用作固體火箭燃料中的氧化劑
* 高氯酸銫—CsClO4
* 高氯酸鋰—LiClO4,放熱分解放出氧氣,用作空間飛船中的生氧劑
* 高氯酸鎂—Mg(ClO4)2
* 高氯酸鉀—KClO4,用於煙火中
* 高氯酸銣—RbClO4
* 高氯酸銀—AgClO4
* 高氯酸鈉—NaClO4
* 儘管其中氯的氧化態為+7,但在氯的所有含氧酸根離子中,高氯酸根離子的氧化性最弱。這是由於氯在高氯酸根離子中處於四面體的中心,不易發生反應。大多數高氯酸鹽,尤其是電正性金屬如鈉形成的化合物如高氯酸鈉,都相對較穩定,也因此可以取代曾經用於煙火中但具不穩定性的氯酸鹽類氧化劑。
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
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BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Perchlorate www.tool-tool.com
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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders. They are used extensively within the pyrotechnics industry, and ammonium perchlorate is also a component of solid rocket fuel. Lithium perchlorate, which decomposes exothermically to give oxygen, is used in oxygen "candles" on spacecraft, submarines and in other esoteric situations where a reliable backup or supplementary oxygen supply is needed. Most perchlorate salts are soluble in water.
The chemical notation for the perchlorate ion is ClO−4. The ion has a molecular mass of 99.45 amu.
A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7.
The perchlorate ion is the least reactive oxidizer of the generalized chlorates. This is apparently paradoxical, since higher oxidation numbers are expected to be progressively stronger oxidizers, and less stable. Perchlorate does in fact have the highest redox potential and is least stable thermodynamically, but the central chlorine is a closed shell atom and well protected by the four oxygens. Hence, perchlorate reacts sluggishly. Most perchlorate compounds, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate, are slow to react unless heated. This property is useful in many applications, such as flares, where the device should not explode, or even catch fire spontaneously.
Mixtures of perchlorates with organic compounds are more reactive. Although they do not usually catch fire or explode unless heated, there are a number of exceptions. Large amounts of improperly stored ammonium perchlorate led to the PEPCON disaster, in which an explosion destroyed one of the two large scale production plants for ammonium perchlorate in the US.
The high oxygen content and the high stability of perchlorates make them ideal oxidizers for fireworks and airbags and as key compounds in solid rocket fuel. The solid rocket boosters of the space shuttle contain 350 metric tons of ammonium perchlorate each.
Perchlorate is used in airbags, seat belt pre-tensioner, TPMS (tire pressure monitor system) valve sensors, batteries for keyless entry system -- mentioned in Hyundai TSB 07-00-001 dated 02-07
Perchlorate has been used as a medication to treat hyperthyroidism since the 1950s. At very high doses (70,000–300,000 ppb) the administration of potassium perchlorate was considered the standard of care in the United States, and remains the approved pharmacologic intervention for many countries. In the early 1960s, potassium perchlorate was implicated in the development of aplastic anemia—a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce new blood cells in sufficient quantity—in thirteen patients, seven of whom died. Subsequent investigations have indicated the connection between administration of potassium perchlorate and development of aplastic anemia to be "equivocable at best", which means that the benefit of treatment, if it is the only known treatment, outweighs the risk, and it appeared a contaminant poisoned the 13.
There are several well-documented mechanisms for natural formation of perchlorate. Involving ozone or hydroxyl radicals as oxidizer for sodium chloride from the sea and are somewhat similar to the formation processes of iodates also present in the atmosphere.
As most perchlorates are readily soluble in water, an accumulation of perchlorates in the environment only occurs in arid areas with little or no rainfall. It is known since the beginning of the 20th century that the Atacama Desert not only contains large amounts of nitrates but also trace amounts of perchlorates. The concentration varies but is in the mg/kg range. The dry southwest of the United States also shows accumulation of perchlorates. With the use of nitrates from the Atacama Desert, so called Chile saltpeter as fertilizer the chlorates were also distributed into the environment. As the Chile saltpeter was mostly substituted by nitrates produced by the Haber Bosch process, which contains no perchlorates this source of perchlorates nearly vanished.
In 2006 a mechanism for the formation of perchlorates was proposed which is particularly apropos to the discovery of perchlorate at the Mars Phoenix lander site. It was shown that soils with high concentrations of natural salts could have some of their chloride converted to perchlorate in the presence of sunlight and/or ultraviolet light. The mechanism was reproduced in the lab using chloride rich soils from Death Valley. In 2010 perchlorate was found at the 1000ppb levels in a vast section of Antarctica, with implications that it is formed naturally and globally on Earth and probably on Mars.
Perchlorates are either produced by electrolysis of chloride salts or by the neutralisation of perchloric acid, which is produced by electrolysis of chlorine, with ammonia or other base.
The electrolysis involves the following reactions:
3 Cl2 + 6 OH− → 5 Cl− + ClO3− + 3 H2O
ClO3− + H2O → ClO4− + 2 H+
The industrial scale synthesis for sodium perchlorates starts from sodium chloride. If the electrolysis is not done with the method described at chlorine, but a mixing of the chlorine evolved and the sodium hydroxide is allowed, the reaction mentioned above takes place. The hypochlorite and the chlorate are intermediates in this process.
Low levels of perchlorate have been detected in both drinking water and groundwater in 35 states in the US according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2004, the chemical was also found in cow's milk in the area with an average level of 1.3 parts per billion ("ppb" or µg/L), which may have entered the cows through feeding on crops that had exposure to water containing perchlorates. According to the Impact Area Groundwater Study Program, the chemical has been detected as high as 5 µg/L in Massachusetts, well over the state regulation of 2 µg/L.
In some places, perchlorate is detected because of contamination from industrial sites that use or manufacture it. In other places, there is no clear source of perchlorate. In those areas it may be naturally occurring, or could be present because of the use of Chilean fertilizers, which were imported to the U.S. by the hundreds of tons in the early 19th century. One recent area of research has even suggested that perchlorate can be created when lightning strikes a body of water, and perchlorates are created as a byproduct of chlorine generators used in swimming pool chlorination systems.
Fireworks are also a source of perchlorate in lakes.
As of April 2007, the EPA has not yet determined whether perchlorate is present at sufficient levels in the environment to require a nationwide regulation on how much should be allowed in drinking water. In 2005, U.S. EPA issued a recommended Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) for perchlorate of 24.5 µg/L. In early 2006, EPA issued a “Cleanup Guidance” for this same amount. Both the DWEL and the Cleanup Guidance were based on a thorough review of the existing research by the National Academy of Science (NAS). This followed numerous other studies, including one which suggested human breast milk had an average of 10.5 µg/L of perchlorate. Both the Pentagon and some environmental groups have voiced questions about the NAS report, but no credible science has emerged to challenge the NAS findings. In February 2008, U.S. Food and Drug Administration said that U.S. toddlers on average are being exposed to more than half of the U.S. EPA's safe dose from food alone. In March 2009, a Centers for Disease Control study found 15 brands of infant formula contaminated with perchlorate. Combined with existing perchlorate drinking water contamination, infants could be at risk for exposure to perchlorate above the levels considered safe by E.P.A.
The US Environmental Protection Agency has issued substantial guidance and analysis concerning the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water. California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.
Several states have enacted drinking water standard for perchlorate including Massachusetts in 2006. California's legislature enacted AB 826, the Perchlorate Contamination Prevention Act of 2003, requiring California's Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC) to adopt regulations specifying best management practices for perchlorate and perchlorate-containing substances. The Perchlorate Best Management Practices were adopted on December 31, 2005 and became operative on July 1, 2006. California issued drinking water standards in 2007. Several other states, including Arizona, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, and Texas have established non-enforceable, advisory levels for perchlorate.
Courts have been called upon to take action with regard to perchlorate. For example, in 2003, a federal district court in California found that Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applied because perchlorate is ignitable and therefore a “characteristic” hazardous waste. (see Castaic Lake Water Agency v. Whittaker, 272 F. Supp. 2d 1053, 1059-61 (C.D. Cal. 2003)).
One example of perchlorate related problems was found at the Olin Flare Facility, Morgan Hill, California - Perchlorate contamination beneath a former flare manufacturing plant in California was first discovered in 2000, several years after the plant had closed. The plant had used potassium perchlorate as one of the ingredients during its 40 years of operation. By late 2003, the state of California and the Santa Clara Valley Water District had confirmed a groundwater plume currently extending over nine miles through residential and agricultural communities.
The Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Santa Clara Valley Water District have engaged in a major outreach effort that has received extensive press and community response. A well testing program is underway for approximately 1,200 residential, municipal, and agricultural wells in the area. Large ion exchange treatment units are operating in three public water supply systems that include seven municipal wells where perchlorate has been detected. The potentially responsible parties, Olin Corporation and Standard Fuse Incorporated, are supplying bottled water to nearly 800 households with private wells. The Regional Water Quality Control Board is overseeing potentially responsible party (PRP) cleanup efforts.
The two production sites of PEPCON and Kerr McGee in Henderson, Nevada, which were the biggest producers until the explosion of PEPCON in 1988 and the closure of the Kerr McGee plant in 1998, leaked significant amounts of perchlorates into the Las Vegas Wash and from there into Lake Mead and the Colorado River.
The disposal of unused rocket motors and ammunition has led to contamination by perchlorates of several military installations.
Perchlorate adversely affects human health by interfering with iodine uptake into the thyroid gland. In adults, the thyroid gland helps regulate the metabolism by releasing hormones, while in children, the thyroid helps in proper development. Perchlorate is becoming a serious threat to human health and water resources.
The NAS found that perchlorate only affects the thyroid gland. It is not stored in the body, it is not metabolized, and any effects of perchlorate on the thyroid gland are fully reversible once exposure stops. There has been some concern on perchlorate's effects on fetuses, newborns and children, but several peer-reviewed studies on children and newborns also provide reason to believe that low levels of perchlorate do not pose a threat to these populations.[citation needed] On October 1, 2004, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) reported that perchlorate may not be as harmful to newborns, pregnant women and other adults as previously thought.
A study involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate can temporarily inhibit the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb iodine from the bloodstream ("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known goitrogen). The EPA converted this dose into a reference dose of 0.0007 mg/(kg·d) by dividing this level by the standard intraspecies uncertainty factor of 10. The agency then calculated a "drinking water equivalent level" of 24.5 ppb by assuming a person weighs 70 kilograms (154 pounds) and consumes 2 liters (68 ounces) of drinking water per day over a lifetime. Thus, 25 ppb was set as the recommended drinking water standard (the DWEL). For that reason, most media reports call this the "safe" level of exposure. The NAS report also stated additional research would be helpful, but emphasized that the existing database on perchlorate was sufficient to make its reference dose recommendation and ensure it would be protective for everyone.[citation needed]
Recent research, however, has shown inhibition of iodide uptake in the thyroids of women at much lower levels, levels attainable from normally contaminated water and milk.
Several phylogenetically diverse proteobacteria have been found, which can use perchlorate as an electron acceptor.
In the summer of 2008, the Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) on board the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander performed the first wet chemical analysis of martian soil. The analyses on three samples, two from the surface and one from 5cm depth, revealed a slightly alkaline soil and low levels of salts typically found on Earth. Most unexpected though was the presence of ~ 0.6 wt % perchlorate (ClO4-), most likely as a Mg(ClO4)2 phase .
The extreme temperatures found on Mars typically lead to either crystallization or evaporation of water, making it difficult to imagine that water could be found in liquid form. The salts formed from perchlorates discovered at the Phoenix landing site act as “anti-freeze” and will substantially lower the freezing point of water. Based on the temperature and pressure conditions on present-day Mars at the Phoenix lander site, conditions would allow a perchlorate salt solution to be present in liquid form for a few hours each day during the summer .
The possibility that the perchlorate was a contaminate brought from Earth has been eliminated by several lines of evidence. The Phoenix retro-rockets used ultra pure hydrazine and launch propellants consisted of ammonium perchlorate. Sensors on board Phoenix found no traces of ammonium, and thus the perchlorate in the quantities present in all three soil samples is indigenous to the martian soil.
In response to concerns regarding perchlorate, efforts have been undertaken to produce substitutes for products using perchlorate. For example, efforts to create perchlorate-free flares include both spectrally balanced decoy and colored flare compositions which included nitrate or oxide oxidizers. Because nitrate oxidizers are less reactive than perchlorate oxidizers, high-energy fuels have used to compensate for this energy shortfall. Some of these high-energy fuels were produced using mechanical alloying technology.
* Ammonium perchlorate, NH4ClO4
* Caesium perchlorate, CsClO4
* Lithium perchlorate, LiClO4
* Magnesium perchlorate, Mg(ClO4)2
* Perchloric acid, HClO4
* Potassium perchlorate, KClO4
* Rubidium perchlorate, RbClO4
* Silver perchlorate, AgClO4
* Sodium perchlorate, NaClO4
歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具、協助客戶設計刀具流程、DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計、超高硬度的切削刀具、醫療配件刀具設計、複合式再研磨機、PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具、粉末造粒成型機、主機版專用頂級電桿、PCD V-Cut刀、捨棄式圓鋸片組、粉末成型機、航空機械鉸刀、主機版專用頂級電感、’汽車業刀具設計、電子產業鑽石刀具、木工產業鑽石刀具、銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機、銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機、銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!
BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users’ demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting tool、aerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting tool、Carbide end mills、Carbide cutting tool、NAS Cutting tool、NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end mill、disc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting tool、hss drill’Фрезеры’Carbide drill、High speed steel、Compound Sharpener’Milling cutter、INDUCTORS FOR PCD’CVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) ’Core drill、Tapered end mills、CVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden Finger’PCD V-Cutter’PCD Wood tools’PCD Cutting tools’PCD Circular Saw Blade’PVDD End Mills’diamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE ‘Single Crystal Diamond ‘Metric end mills、Miniature end mills、Специальные режущие инструменты ‘Пустотелое сверло ‘Pilot reamer、Fraises’Fresas con mango’ PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘Frese’POWDER FORMING MACHINE’Electronics cutter、Step drill、Metal cutting saw、Double margin drill、Gun barrel、Angle milling cutter、Carbide burrs、Carbide tipped cutter、Chamfering tool、IC card engraving cutter、Side cutter、Staple Cutter’PCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floors’V-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’ PCD Diamond Tool’ Saw Blade with Indexable Insert’NAS tool、DIN or JIS tool、Special tool、Metal slitting saws、Shell end mills、Side and face milling cutters、Side chip clearance saws、Long end mills’end mill grinder’drill grinder’sharpener、Stub roughing end mills、Dovetail milling cutters、Carbide slot drills、Carbide torus cutters、Angel carbide end mills、Carbide torus cutters、Carbide ball-nosed slot drills、Mould cutter、Tool manufacturer.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com
ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな
情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。
弊社は専門なエンド・ミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ、
豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。
弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:
(1)精密HSSエンド・ミルのR&D
(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計
(3)鎢鋼エンド・ミル設計
(4)航空エンド・ミル設計
(5)超高硬度エンド・ミル
(6)ダイヤモンド・エンド・ミル
(7)医療用品エンド・ミル設計
(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンド・ミル設計
弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:
(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンド・ミル設計
(2)ミクロ・エンド・ミル~大型エンド・ミル供給
(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給
(4)オートメーション整備調達
(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応
弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。
Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.
BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.
Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.
Perchlorates are the salts derived from perchloric acid (HClO4). They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders. They are used extensively within the pyrotechnics industry, and ammonium perchlorate is also a component of solid rocket fuel. Lithium perchlorate, which decomposes exothermically to give oxygen, is used in oxygen "candles" on spacecraft, submarines and in other esoteric situations where a reliable backup or supplementary oxygen supply is needed. Most perchlorate salts are soluble in water.
The chemical notation for the perchlorate ion is ClO−4. The ion has a molecular mass of 99.45 amu.
A perchlorate (compound) is a compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +7.
The perchlorate ion is the least reactive oxidizer of the generalized chlorates. This is apparently paradoxical, since higher oxidation numbers are expected to be progressively stronger oxidizers, and less stable. Perchlorate does in fact have the highest redox potential and is least stable thermodynamically, but the central chlorine is a closed shell atom and well protected by the four oxygens. Hence, perchlorate reacts sluggishly. Most perchlorate compounds, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate, are slow to react unless heated. This property is useful in many applications, such as flares, where the device should not explode, or even catch fire spontaneously.
Mixtures of perchlorates with organic compounds are more reactive. Although they do not usually catch fire or explode unless heated, there are a number of exceptions. Large amounts of improperly stored ammonium perchlorate led to the PEPCON disaster, in which an explosion destroyed one of the two large scale production plants for ammonium perchlorate in the US.
The high oxygen content and the high stability of perchlorates make them ideal oxidizers for fireworks and airbags and as key compounds in solid rocket fuel. The solid rocket boosters of the space shuttle contain 350 metric tons of ammonium perchlorate each.
Perchlorate is used in airbags, seat belt pre-tensioner, TPMS (tire pressure monitor system) valve sensors, batteries for keyless entry system -- mentioned in Hyundai TSB 07-00-001 dated 02-07
Perchlorate has been used as a medication to treat hyperthyroidism since the 1950s. At very high doses (70,000–300,000 ppb) the administration of potassium perchlorate was considered the standard of care in the United States, and remains the approved pharmacologic intervention for many countries. In the early 1960s, potassium perchlorate was implicated in the development of aplastic anemia—a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce new blood cells in sufficient quantity—in thirteen patients, seven of whom died. Subsequent investigations have indicated the connection between administration of potassium perchlorate and development of aplastic anemia to be "equivocable at best", which means that the benefit of treatment, if it is the only known treatment, outweighs the risk, and it appeared a contaminant poisoned the 13.
There are several well-documented mechanisms for natural formation of perchlorate. Involving ozone or hydroxyl radicals as oxidizer for sodium chloride from the sea and are somewhat similar to the formation processes of iodates also present in the atmosphere.
As most perchlorates are readily soluble in water, an accumulation of perchlorates in the environment only occurs in arid areas with little or no rainfall. It is known since the beginning of the 20th century that the Atacama Desert not only contains large amounts of nitrates but also trace amounts of perchlorates. The concentration varies but is in the mg/kg range. The dry southwest of the United States also shows accumulation of perchlorates. With the use of nitrates from the Atacama Desert, so called Chile saltpeter as fertilizer the chlorates were also distributed into the environment. As the Chile saltpeter was mostly substituted by nitrates produced by the Haber Bosch process, which contains no perchlorates this source of perchlorates nearly vanished.
In 2006 a mechanism for the formation of perchlorates was proposed which is particularly apropos to the discovery of perchlorate at the Mars Phoenix lander site. It was shown that soils with high concentrations of natural salts could have some of their chloride converted to perchlorate in the presence of sunlight and/or ultraviolet light. The mechanism was reproduced in the lab using chloride rich soils from Death Valley. In 2010 perchlorate was found at the 1000ppb levels in a vast section of Antarctica, with implications that it is formed naturally and globally on Earth and probably on Mars.
Perchlorates are either produced by electrolysis of chloride salts or by the neutralisation of perchloric acid, which is produced by electrolysis of chlorine, with ammonia or other base.
The electrolysis involves the following reactions:
3 Cl2 + 6 OH− → 5 Cl− + ClO3− + 3 H2O
ClO3− + H2O → ClO4− + 2 H+
The industrial scale synthesis for sodium perchlorates starts from sodium chloride. If the electrolysis is not done with the method described at chlorine, but a mixing of the chlorine evolved and the sodium hydroxide is allowed, the reaction mentioned above takes place. The hypochlorite and the chlorate are intermediates in this process.
Low levels of perchlorate have been detected in both drinking water and groundwater in 35 states in the US according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2004, the chemical was also found in cow's milk in the area with an average level of 1.3 parts per billion ("ppb" or µg/L), which may have entered the cows through feeding on crops that had exposure to water containing perchlorates. According to the Impact Area Groundwater Study Program, the chemical has been detected as high as 5 µg/L in Massachusetts, well over the state regulation of 2 µg/L.
In some places, perchlorate is detected because of contamination from industrial sites that use or manufacture it. In other places, there is no clear source of perchlorate. In those areas it may be naturally occurring, or could be present because of the use of Chilean fertilizers, which were imported to the U.S. by the hundreds of tons in the early 19th century. One recent area of research has even suggested that perchlorate can be created when lightning strikes a body of water, and perchlorates are created as a byproduct of chlorine generators used in swimming pool chlorination systems.
Fireworks are also a source of perchlorate in lakes.
As of April 2007, the EPA has not yet determined whether perchlorate is present at sufficient levels in the environment to require a nationwide regulation on how much should be allowed in drinking water. In 2005, U.S. EPA issued a recommended Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) for perchlorate of 24.5 µg/L. In early 2006, EPA issued a “Cleanup Guidance” for this same amount. Both the DWEL and the Cleanup Guidance were based on a thorough review of the existing research by the National Academy of Science (NAS). This followed numerous other studies, including one which suggested human breast milk had an average of 10.5 µg/L of perchlorate. Both the Pentagon and some environmental groups have voiced questions about the NAS report, but no credible science has emerged to challenge the NAS findings. In February 2008, U.S. Food and Drug Administration said that U.S. toddlers on average are being exposed to more than half of the U.S. EPA's safe dose from food alone. In March 2009, a Centers for Disease Control study found 15 brands of infant formula contaminated with perchlorate. Combined with existing perchlorate drinking water contamination, infants could be at risk for exposure to perchlorate above the levels considered safe by E.P.A.
The US Environmental Protection Agency has issued substantial guidance and analysis concerning the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water. California has also issued guidance regarding perchlorate use.
Several states have enacted drinking water standard for perchlorate including Massachusetts in 2006. California's legislature enacted AB 826, the Perchlorate Contamination Prevention Act of 2003, requiring California's Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC) to adopt regulations specifying best management practices for perchlorate and perchlorate-containing substances. The Perchlorate Best Management Practices were adopted on December 31, 2005 and became operative on July 1, 2006. California issued drinking water standards in 2007. Several other states, including Arizona, Maryland, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, and Texas have established non-enforceable, advisory levels for perchlorate.
Courts have been called upon to take action with regard to perchlorate. For example, in 2003, a federal district court in California found that Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) applied because perchlorate is ignitable and therefore a “characteristic” hazardous waste. (see Castaic Lake Water Agency v. Whittaker, 272 F. Supp. 2d 1053, 1059-61 (C.D. Cal. 2003)).
One example of perchlorate related problems was found at the Olin Flare Facility, Morgan Hill, California - Perchlorate contamination beneath a former flare manufacturing plant in California was first discovered in 2000, several years after the plant had closed. The plant had used potassium perchlorate as one of the ingredients during its 40 years of operation. By late 2003, the state of California and the Santa Clara Valley Water District had confirmed a groundwater plume currently extending over nine miles through residential and agricultural communities.
The Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Santa Clara Valley Water District have engaged in a major outreach effort that has received extensive press and community response. A well testing program is underway for approximately 1,200 residential, municipal, and agricultural wells in the area. Large ion exchange treatment units are operating in three public water supply systems that include seven municipal wells where perchlorate has been detected. The potentially responsible parties, Olin Corporation and Standard Fuse Incorporated, are supplying bottled water to nearly 800 households with private wells. The Regional Water Quality Control Board is overseeing potentially responsible party (PRP) cleanup efforts.
The two production sites of PEPCON and Kerr McGee in Henderson, Nevada, which were the biggest producers until the explosion of PEPCON in 1988 and the closure of the Kerr McGee plant in 1998, leaked significant amounts of perchlorates into the Las Vegas Wash and from there into Lake Mead and the Colorado River.
The disposal of unused rocket motors and ammunition has led to contamination by perchlorates of several military installations.
Perchlorate adversely affects human health by interfering with iodine uptake into the thyroid gland. In adults, the thyroid gland helps regulate the metabolism by releasing hormones, while in children, the thyroid helps in proper development. Perchlorate is becoming a serious threat to human health and water resources.
The NAS found that perchlorate only affects the thyroid gland. It is not stored in the body, it is not metabolized, and any effects of perchlorate on the thyroid gland are fully reversible once exposure stops. There has been some concern on perchlorate's effects on fetuses, newborns and children, but several peer-reviewed studies on children and newborns also provide reason to believe that low levels of perchlorate do not pose a threat to these populations.[citation needed] On October 1, 2004, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) reported that perchlorate may not be as harmful to newborns, pregnant women and other adults as previously thought.
A study involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate can temporarily inhibit the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb iodine from the bloodstream ("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known goitrogen). The EPA converted this dose into a reference dose of 0.0007 mg/(kg·d) by dividing this level by the standard intraspecies uncertainty factor of 10. The agency then calculated a "drinking water equivalent level" of 24.5 ppb by assuming a person weighs 70 kilograms (154 pounds) and consumes 2 liters (68 ounces) of drinking water per day over a lifetime. Thus, 25 ppb was set as the recommended drinking water standard (the DWEL). For that reason, most media reports call this the "safe" level of exposure. The NAS report also stated additional research would be helpful, but emphasized that the existing database on perchlorate was sufficient to make its reference dose recommendation and ensure it would be protective for everyone.[citation needed]
Recent research, however, has shown inhibition of iodide uptake in the thyroids of women at much lower levels, levels attainable from normally contaminated water and milk.
Several phylogenetically diverse proteobacteria have been found, which can use perchlorate as an electron acceptor.
In the summer of 2008, the Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL) on board the 2007 Phoenix Mars Lander performed the first wet chemical analysis of martian soil. The analyses on three samples, two from the surface and one from 5cm depth, revealed a slightly alkaline soil and low levels of salts typically found on Earth. Most unexpected though was the presence of ~ 0.6 wt % perchlorate (ClO4-), most likely as a Mg(ClO4)2 phase .
The extreme temperatures found on Mars typically lead to either crystallization or evaporation of water, making it difficult to imagine that water could be found in liquid form. The salts formed from perchlorates discovered at the Phoenix landing site act as “anti-freeze” and will substantially lower the freezing point of water. Based on the temperature and pressure conditions on present-day Mars at the Phoenix lander site, conditions would allow a perchlorate salt solution to be present in liquid form for a few hours each day during the summer .
The possibility that the perchlorate was a contaminate brought from Earth has been eliminated by several lines of evidence. The Phoenix retro-rockets used ultra pure hydrazine and launch propellants consisted of ammonium perchlorate. Sensors on board Phoenix found no traces of ammonium, and thus the perchlorate in the quantities present in all three soil samples is indigenous to the martian soil.
In response to concerns regarding perchlorate, efforts have been undertaken to produce substitutes for products using perchlorate. For example, efforts to create perchlorate-free flares include both spectrally balanced decoy and colored flare compositions which included nitrate or oxide oxidizers. Because nitrate oxidizers are less reactive than perchlorate oxidizers, high-energy fuels have used to compensate for this energy shortfall. Some of these high-energy fuels were produced using mechanical alloying technology.
* Ammonium perchlorate, NH4ClO4
* Caesium perchlorate, CsClO4
* Lithium perchlorate, LiClO4
* Magnesium perchlorate, Mg(ClO4)2
* Perchloric acid, HClO4
* Potassium perchlorate, KClO4
* Rubidium perchlorate, RbClO4
* Silver perchlorate, AgClO4
* Sodium perchlorate, NaClO4
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BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan
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